GARDEN ROSES. 
Dog-rose or still more in the longer-petalled forms, such as ' Irish 
Elegance/ cultivated in our gardens, is of great beauty, but lasts at 
most for a few hours. In the case of the Dog-rose the petals close 
the first night and never again. 
As the single Rose has become doubled in cultivation, the early- 
double forms all seem to show short centre petals, giving the flower 
a flat, or even saucer-shaped, appearance. The raising of the centre 
petals comes much later, as the result of further cultivation, hybridizing, 
and selection. 
The process may be traced through the illustrations in the old 
gardening books, Parkinson, Gerard, Redoute, Curtis, and others, 
and it will be found that the high-centred form is a development 
that has come comparatively recently in the history of the Rose. 
An interesting example of this process in a modern Rose, now in 
course of development, is to be found in the group raised by M. 
Pernet Ducher, variously known as Austrian hybrids, Hybrid Luteas, 
or after the name of the raiser. 
In order to get the golden colour he desired, M. Pernet Ducher 
had to go back to the old Persian yellow, the origin of which is un- 
known, but it is clearly of great antiquity, and was brought from 
the East about 1833 by Mr. Henry Willock. It is a comparatively 
small flower, double, with a flat centre of a rather primitive type, 
and M. Pernet Ducher proceeded to cross it with the Hybrid Teas, 
repeating this process with the selected offspring, a process that has 
been continued by himself and others. 
The first result of the cross was ' Soleil d'Or,' brought out in 
1900. It proved to possess a fine colour, fair size, and good strong 
growth, but the form of the flower was flat-centred with rounded 
incurved petals, giving it rather a heavy appearance. 
One of the first Roses connected with this group in which the 
higher centre began to appear was ' Mrs. A. R. Waddell ' (1908), a plant 
which, though retaining the large thorns and something of the colour 
of the new type, was in some respects nearer to the Hybrid Teas. 
' Arthur R. Goodwin ' (1910) has a nicely pointed bud, but the open 
flower has a flat centre with short inner petals, and retains therefore 
the primitive type. Much the same may be said of ' Rayon d'Or * 
of the same year, which attracts chiefly by its colour and glossy 
foliage. ' Constance ' (1915), not quite so good in colour, was slightly 
better in form, while we find a great advance in * Mme. E. Herriot ' 
(1913)- 
Every year fresh Roses of this type are appearing such as * Mrs. 
Wemyss Quin ' (1914), 'Christine (1918), 'Mme. E. Herriot,' and 
'Independence Day' (1919), in which a gradual improvement in 
form, by the raising of the centre and regular arrangement of the 
surrounding petals, may be recognized, though the flat centre may 
be traced in many of the forms of this group still being brought out . 
A similar process, though less well marked, may be traced in 
the Rambler {multiflora) section, which first came into notice on the 
