JAN. — MAR. 1857.] Peruvian Bark-tree. 
that to this cause may be traced the wonderful extent of the Quin- 
quina-trees in South America. 
** It was even less possible at that time to obtain young plants of 
those trees. In Caraboya however the trees were very scarce, much 
scattered, and thus rare, as the Cascarilleros had grubbed up all 
the old or seed-bearing trees. It is therefore often necessary to 
cross the great river, and thus to go over the boundary of the 
country of the wild Indians, with a faint hope of success, to look 
for these trees, and find scattered here and there in the woods, 
young plants that have grown up from seeds. 
" In this manner, being disappointed in his expectation that his 
journey would be finished with 1853, he determined to return to 
Lima, and pass the rainy season there till April ; however he 
changed this place, where, in the meantime, the yellow fever had 
broken out in a severe form, for Chili, where a cooler climate seem- 
ed to promise the restoration of his impaired health and strength. 
Advices from the Netherlands induced him to settle at Arequipa, 
where he was expecting to receive news of a score of Wardian cases 
which he bought at Lima, being forwarded to Islay. Having re- 
ceived this advice, he determined to go to a distance of 150 Span- 
ish leagues into the interior, to make further investigations. 
** A series of difficulties however presented themselves, which ren- 
dered the obtaining of Calisaya plants almost impossible. Peru 
and Bolivia were at war with each other. In the former year, the 
frontiers of the latter were wholly forbidden to the Peruvians. 
Mr. Hasskarl however believed that the restraint had been re- 
moved, with the exception of a small port on the " desaguadero'^ 
(outlet), lying at the south corner of the Lake Titicaca, which fa- 
vourable change might have been brought about by the departure 
of the Peruvian armies, under the command of Echinique, to reduce 
Arequipa, where the insurgents had ranged themselves under the 
banners of Castilla. 
Bolivia was the country to which his attention was particularly 
directed, for there, according to the information, right or wrong, 
he had received, the Quinquina-trees were not so widely spread, 
but in certain places, called " manchos'* appear in great numbers, 
