'SM GltJEENLAND OR POLAR iCt. 



ing of the wind-Upper ^. Herein the essentidl 

 difference consists : pancake ice is formed in masses 

 so small and so strong, that the swell will not di- 

 vide them ; and the effect of the wind- Upper is 

 repressed by the formation of sludge on its sea- 

 Ward margin. Hence^ whenever ice does occur 

 in agitated waters, its exterior is always sludge^ 

 and its interior pancake ice, the pieces of which 

 gradually increase in size with the distance from 

 the edge. 



When a swell occurs iii crotvded, yet detached 

 ice, accompanied with thick weather and storm, 

 it presents one of the most dangerous and terrific 

 navigations that can be conceived. Each lump 

 of ice, by its laborious motion, and its violent con- 

 cussions of the water, becomes buried in foam, 

 which, with its rapid drift, and the attendant 

 horrid noise, inspires the passing mariner with the 

 most alarming impressions ; whilst the! scene be- 

 fore him, is, if possible, rendered more awful, by 

 his consciousness of the many disasters which 

 have been occasioned by similar dangers. 



* The first effects of a breeze of wind on smooth water is by 

 seamen, called wind-Upper. From it, all high seas are derived, 

 and it is always apparent on their surfaces. Oil cast upon the 

 sea, suppressei the wind-lipper, and a similar effect is produced 

 by the formation of ice sludgt the sea, from sudden extrem© 

 cold. 



