448 



Messrs. Carpenter, Jeffreys, and Thomson [Nov. 18, 



varied with the depth, on the border of that deeper portion of the channel 

 which gives passage to the Arctic stream. In order to test this yet more 

 completely, we proceeded about 7 miles to the northward (Station 83), 

 so as to be almost exactly in the parallel of our last year's Station vn., 

 but about 7 miles to the eastward of it ; and here we found the depth to 

 have increased to 362 fathoms, while the bottom-temperature had fallen to 

 37°'5. Comparing this, however, with the bottom-temperature of 29°'7, 

 found at Station 76, at which the depth was rather less, it became obvious 

 that the influence of the warm surface-current here extends to a greater 

 depth. 



83. Again changing our course to the S.W., in a direction nearly parallel 

 lo the 1 00-fathom line, so as to bring us to a part of the area not previously 

 surveyed, we took a Sounding (Station 84) early in the morning of Saturday, 

 Sept. 4tb, in Lat. 59° 34', and Long. 6° 34'; and found the depth to be 

 155 fathoms, and the bottom-temperature 4& 0, 1, showing that we were 

 again on a portion of the southern bank too near the surface to be affected 

 by the frigid stream. And as, on sounding again (Station 85), after having 

 run 6 miles in a northerly direction, we found the bottom-temperature to 

 have only fallen to 4b°'7, while the depth had increased to 190 fathoms, 

 it was obvious that the same condition still existed. A further run of 

 only 8 miles narthwards, however, brought us suddenly into the Arctic 

 stream ; the depth (Station 86) being here 445 fathoms, and the bottom- 

 temperature 30 o, l. — These very rapid changes of Submarine Climate are 

 of extreme interest in a variety of ways, but especially in their Zoological 

 and Palaeozoological relations, as will be shown hereafter. 



84. As we were now again approaching a part of the Area which had 

 been previously explored with sufficient minuteness for our present purpose, 

 and as we desired to extend our survey into a part of the Warm area re- 

 moved from the immediate influence of the Arctic stream, our ship's head 

 was kept to the westward without any stoppage until the morning of Mon- 

 day, Sept. 6th; when we reached Long. 9° 11' in Lat. 59° 35', this 

 point being about 24 miles to the south of Station xiv. in our last year's 

 Cruise. Here a Sounding gave us (Station 87) a depth of 767 fathoms, 

 and a bottom-temperature of 41°'5 ; and as it thus became obvious that 

 we were in the Warm area, we thought it desirable to obtain a set of serial 

 Soundings, for comparison, on the one hand, with those obtained on the 

 Cold area, and, on the other, with those taken in the former Cruises at 

 similar depths on the border of the North Atlantic basin. — The results of 

 these Soundings, given in Table I., p. 456, will be discussed hereafter ; 

 and at present it will be sufficient to state that while they show that the 

 influence of the AVarm stream here extends through the entire depth, they 

 also indicate that this is modified below 500 fathoms by the frigid stream ; 

 the depression of temperature between 500 and 600 fathoms being almost 

 exactly equal to that which presented itself between 100 and 500 fathoms. 

 — Our dredge here came up with the extraordinary load mentioned in the 



