56 



Linn., Mus. Ludov. Ulr. Reg., pp. 181-399 again divides the I.epidoptera into three genera 

 (p. 381); pp. 366-399 Phalana. 1775, Fabr., Syst. Ent, pp. 619-644: uses Phalsna as a 

 genus and lists 144 species, mostly Geometridae and Pyralidae. 1776, Schiff., Schmett. 

 Wein., uses Phahena in the Linnacan sense, Ph. Noctua, etc. 1781, Fabr., Spec. Ins., 

 II, pp. 241-275, uses Phalaena as a genus; lists 198 species, mostly Geometridae and 

 Pyralidae. 1781-83, Knoch, Beit. Ins., uses Phalaena Bombyx; Phalana Noctua; etc. 1787, 

 I'abr., Mantissa Insectorum, II, pp. 184-224, uses Phalsna as a genus; lists 325 species, most- 

 ly Geometridae and Pyralidae. 1792-94, Bork., Natur. Europ. Schmett., I\' & V, uses 

 Phalxna with Noctua and Geometra as in Linnaeus. 1794, Fabr., Ent. Syst., Ill, part 

 2, pp. 129-242 uses Phalaena as a genus; lists 427 species, mostly Goemetridae and Pyra- 

 lidae. 1797, Latrielle, Prec. Carac. Gener. Ins., p. 143, uses "Phal?ne. Phalaena" as a genus 

 (#10) but gives no species. 1801, Lamark (Latreille), Syst. Anim. sans Vert., p. 286, uses 

 "Phalene. Phalsena"; P. syringaria designated type(?). 1805, Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. 

 Ins., XIV, 221, uses genus "Phalene. phalaena" for Geometridae. 1806, Hbn., Tentamen; 

 name not used. 1810, Latreille, Consid. Gen. Arach. Ins., p 441, "Phalene. Phalaena"; 

 "Sanibucaria, Fab." designated type. 1809-22?, Hbn., Zutr. Exot. Schmett.; name not used. 

 1816-27, Hbn., Verz.; name not used. 1829, Steph., Syst. Cat. Brit. Ins., 11, 37, uses 

 Phala?na in sense of a division of the I^pidoptera, placing it as a synonym of "Lep.-Nocturna 

 Latr.". (See Noctua.) 1829, Steph., Illus, Brit. Ent. Haust.. Ill, Phalsna not used in 

 generic sense. 1840, Westwood, Intro. Mod. Class. Ins., II, 93 & 98, does not use Phalsna 

 in the Linnean sense; places Phalsna Haw. as a synonym of Stilbia Steph., with type 

 Pit. anoniolata Haw. 1850-58, H. S., Sammlung. aussereurop. Schmett.; does not use 

 Phalsna. 1854-66, Wlk., Cat. Lep. Het. B. M., I-XXXV, no genus Phalaena. 1857, Gn., 

 Hist. Nat. Ins., Spec. G6n., I; Uran. et Phal., I, has no genus Phalaena, but uses family name 

 Phaienites (Geometra Linn.). 1876, Pack., Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. (Mono. Phal. N. 

 A.), X. p. 7, credits Phalaena to Fabricius (1793) and uses Phaltenidae (for Geometridae). 

 1893, Sm., Bull. U. S. N. M., XLIV; disregards Phalaena. 1895, Meyrick, Handb. Brit. 

 Lep.; disregards Phalaena. 1896, Hulst, Trans. Am Ent. Soc, XXIII, 248, states Phalaena 

 of Fabricius is a synonym of Geometer Linn.: Phalaena Linn, "nearly equal to the Hetero- 

 cera as now used". 1898, Hamp., Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M., I, 1, uses Phalasnae in place of 

 Heterocera for all of the moths; apparently makes no use of the term or any derivative in 

 a generic sense. 1901, Staud. & Rebel, Cat. Lep. Palae.; disregard Phalaena. 1902, Dyar, 

 Bull. U. S. N. M., LII; disregards Phalaena. 1903, Sm., Check List Lep.; disregards 

 Phalaena. 1910, Prout, Genera Insectorum, CIII, p. 1, Phalaena Linn, spoken of as a 

 genus, other divisions as subgenera; pp. 1 & 2 state family name of Geometridae should 

 be Phalaenidae because of Fabricius' restriction (1775). 1917, B. & McD., Check List; 

 disregards Phalaena. 



Noctua, Linn. 



Type Phalana ("Noctua") typica Linn. 



1758, Linn., Syst. Nat., Ed. X. 



1767, Linn., Syst. Nat., Ed. XII, Vol. II, uses as a subdivision, "Phalenae 

 (for Phalaense) dividendae" p. 809; pp. 833-858, #82-#193 of Phalaena. 



1761, Linn., Fauna Svecica, includes 75 species under (P.) Noctua. 1761, Poda, Ins. 

 Mus. Grace, pp. 81-91; cites the following Linnean species, iacobaeae, quadra, dominula, 

 pacta (,—nupta, Linn.), pronuba, gamma, exclamatwiis, fsecalis: (vide Grote 1902). 1762, 

 Geoffrey, Hist Ins. Paris, (See Phalaena). 1763, Scopoli, Entomologica Carneolica, (See 

 Phalaena). 1764, Linn., Mus. Ludov. Ulr. Reginae, gives the following species, strix, 

 crepuscularis, occidua, punctigerata, virgo, decora, fulvia, ornatrix, heliconia, rubricollis, 

 fraxini, pellex, lectrix; fascelis merely listed as Phalaena without Noctua. 1775, Fabr., Syst. 

 Ent., pp. 590-619, lists 122 species. 1776, Fabr., Genera Insectorum . . . Mantissa Speci- 

 erum (Gen. Ins. Mant.), lists 6 species only, none of the original Linnean species; 

 "Phalxna, Linn. Geoff." cited equivalent to Noctua, Fabr. 1776, Schifl., Schmett. Wein., 

 (liso Phalena). 1781, Fabr., Spec. Ins., II, pp. 209-241, lists ISO species under Noctua. 



