THE YOUNG NATURALIST. 65 



In Germany, during these years, we have Gravenhorst, who 

 specially studied the Brachelytra, and Germar, who edited a maga- 

 zine devoted to Entomology in 1815, possibly a successor or com- 

 petitor of Peligero Miiller also, and the authors Goldfuss and Will- 

 brand, who with Oken, published a natural history for schools, in 

 which the Coleoptera are divided into three sections : Pentamem, Tet- 

 ramera, and Heteromera, each of which are in this manual made equiva- 

 lent in rank to each of the orders Diptera, Hymenoptera, or 

 Lepidoptera, which together form the second division of insects, 

 Coleoptera being the first. 



But if Germany seemed to be falling behind the more northern 

 nations at this time, one Italian and several French entomologists 

 were producing important works. The Italian we allude to was 

 Bonelli, member of the Academy of Turin, who, in 1809, divided 

 C ambus into no less than 55 genera. Latreille's genera were, we 

 remember, published seven years previously, so that Bonelli only 

 added a good deal to what Latreille had done. It is to Bonelli, how- 

 ever, that we owe the following well-known genera of Geodephaga : 

 Callistus, Anchomenus, Chlcenius, Amara, Blethisa, Calathus, Dyschirms, 

 Drotnius, Demetrias, and Polystichus. Bonelli was very active for the 

 next ten years, principally among the Geodephaga, in proposing new 

 genera and determining new species, but we do not find him initiating 

 any new method of classification ; in fact at this time Latreille was 

 the acknowledged authority in classification. 



„ Before proceeding to consider the next notable French cole- 

 opterists, viz. : — the Count De Gean and Boisduval, we must refer to 

 some of our own countrymen who slightly preceded them. We find 

 a considerable gap after the death of Ray, which it must be remem- 

 bered took place in 1705, and we can discover no name of consider- 

 able importance, during all the eighteenth century, in the ranks of 

 English entomologists, but in 1802, Dr. Marsham published his 

 (i Entomologia Brittannica," and holds therein to the Linnean classi- 

 fication, admitting only sixteen new genera. A few names, however, 

 which you will find in the lists having the abbreviation " Marsh " 

 appended to them, form the doctor's slender title to fame and posterity, 

 and we must proceed to Leach and M'Leay to Stephens, Westwood, 

 and Kirby, to arrive at what we may fairly call the English school. 



Leach, another doctor, and an Edinburgh man, as early as 1815, 

 wrote in the " Edinburgh Encyclopaedia," a synopsis of Coleoptera. 

 He includes 332 genera, and the following are some that he first 

 determined ; Laccophilus, Limnebius, TyphcBUs t and Scapisoma. Dr. 



