xxix 



In North America, but chiefly on the western side of that continent 

 several species are said to have been found. Of these machaon, autiopa, 

 atalanta, and phlceas seem certainly to occur ; while hyale, edusa, rhamni 

 comma, sylvanus, and Unea have all been reported, and if they do not, 

 actually occur they are represented by species very closely allied, as 

 also are c-album, aglaia, and argiolus. A supposed variety of rubi has 

 been found in California, and rapes has been introduced inio Canada, 

 &c„ in late years, and seems already to have developed a climatic 

 race. 



Finally, cardui appears to occur nearly all over the world, except 

 in South America. 



Of the species mentioned above, 21 have been found within or near 

 the Arctic Circle, namely, machaon, cardamines. napi, alexis, acis, agestis, 

 agon, phla.is, rubi, autiopa, urtica, athalia, selene, euphrosyne, aglaia, 

 lathonia, tithonus, pamphilus, typhon, aloeolus, and comma. 



Five of our butterflies hybernate — that is, pass the winter — in the 

 egg state, viz., quercus, w -album, pruni, beUdce, and agon. 



Thirty-nine hybernate in the larva or caterpillar state — cratagi, 

 corydon, adonis, alexis, agestis, argiades, alsus, acis, arion, dispar, phlaas, 

 galathea, semele, janira, tithonus, hyperanthns, cegeria, megcera, epiphron, 

 medea, davus, pamphilus, iris, sibylla, paphia, adippe, aglaia, lathonia, 

 euphrosyne, selene, arteritis, cinxia, athalia, linea, actceon, sylvanus, comma, 

 paniscus and tages. The first named differs from the rest in being 

 gregarious in the larva state, and in passing the winter under cover of 

 a web. 



Twelve hybernate in the pupa, or chrysalis state — machaon, edusa, 

 hyale, brassica, rapce, napi, daplidice, cardamines, sinapis, lucina, and 

 alveolus. 



Eight hybernate in the imago or perfect state — rhamni, io, autiopa, 

 polychloros, urticcc, c-album, atalanta, and cardui. Many of these creep 

 into hollow trees, others hide in houses or outhouses, and imagines of 

 urticce have been found in the crevices of chalk nearly a foot below the 

 surface. 



All our British butterflies (with the exception of the Wood White 

 and the Speckled Wood) are true children of the sun. Their flight is 

 varied, and the skilful collector knows at a distance the flight of 

 different genera, and even occasionally that of different species ; thus, 

 my father could distinguish acis on the wing from the common icarus. 

 The power of flight depends considerably on the robustness of the 



