110 



THE YOUNG NATURALIST. 



how man}- foes the hybernating imagines j 

 must have, and how few females survive to 

 deposit their ova, but one such ma}- be the 

 mother of forty pairs, which come out in \ 

 warm summer weather when food is plentiful 

 for the larvae, and birds less on the look out j 

 than in the spring, to destroy insect life." j 

 The autumn brood remains six or seven 

 months in the perfect state ; the summer 

 brpod not a tenth part of the time. This 

 alone would account for the extra abundance 

 of the former, as such a much larger pro- 

 portion of the summer imagines will be able J 

 to deposit their ova. 



Habitat. — Woods, lanes, gardens, fields, j 

 and hop grounds, particularly fond of 

 bramble blossom and fruit, and of plums and | 

 apples when decaying, It is an insect that 

 often disappears from a locality for many 

 years, perhaps never to retnrn. Mr. New- 

 man calls attention to its absence from 

 " Maritime lists," but it was very abundant 

 twenty years ago at the foot of Castle Eden 

 Dene (Durham County), within a few hundred 

 yards of the sea. On^ 7 one specimen is re- 

 corded from the more northerly county — 

 Northumberland, and only one locality j 

 is given for Cumberland. It has not been 

 recorded from Scotland. It occurs all over J 

 Europe, except in the Polar regions, and in I 

 Greece and Turkey. It is found- also in 

 Northern and Western Asia. 



Variation. — As already stated, the speci- 

 mens emerging in early Summer are much 

 paler in hue than those appearing later : the 

 ground colour is about the same as the palest 

 portion of the darker specimens, and all the 

 other markings are paler in proportion. On : 

 the underside the differences are sti ! more j 

 noticeable, the early form being pale y. llow- 

 brown, with rather darker markings towards j 

 the base, and a few green spots and marks 

 near the hind margin of both wings. The 

 Autumn specimens are blackish brown, with 

 a greyish band beyond the centre, and very 

 dark hind margin. The green spots are large 

 and more numerous, and much deeper in ! 



shade. The underside of the male and female 

 differs greatly. The Summer form is so 

 different, and so constant in its appearance, 

 that it ought to have a distinctive name, and 

 we suggest it be called var. Hutchinson i ', in 

 compliment to that lady whose liberality has 

 enriched so many cabinets with specimens ; 

 whose knowledge of the species, as has already 

 been said, is not exceeded by that of any one 

 living, and to whom we are greatly indebted 

 for information mentioned above, and for the 

 larva and pupa figured. A "ariety occurs in 

 Siberia with the spots confluent, as is the case 

 with so man}' boreal forms : this has been 

 called F -album, Esp. There is a very dark 

 specimen in Mr. Howard Vaughan's collec- 

 tion, but this species is not subject to 

 departures from the two forms described. 



Allied Species. — We have already 

 spoken of Egca Cr. as being very close to 

 C-album : it is similarly marked on the 

 upperside, but is paler both in the ground 

 colour and the spots. On the underside it is 

 paler brown than the late brood of C-album, 

 but much darker than the form we have 

 called Hutchihsoni. The light band is rather 

 tinged with lilac, and is prettily striated with 

 darker lines. There are no green spots, and 

 the " C " mark is sharply angulated, forming 

 a distinct V. Several North American 

 species are also very closely allied, but as C- 

 album does not occur on the Western Hemi- 

 sphere, it does not seem necessary to allude 

 further to them here. 



Parasites. — We know of none, but Mrs. 

 Hutchinson says, '• I bred, one year or more,' 

 several parasites from the Autumn brood, 

 certainty one Dipterous fly, and one or more 

 Hymenopterous." 



PROTOPLASM. 



By J. P. Soutter. 

 Coucluded from Page 103. 



Gradually as we ascend the scale of life 

 various portions become differentiated or set 



