NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 



xxix 



Pareira ; and the famous Columbo root, so much esteemed for its intense bitterness, and for its use in diarrhcea 

 and dysentery, is the produce of the C6cculus palmatus. The poisonous drug called Cocculus indicus in the 



shops is the seed of a species of Cocculus, probably tuberosus. 

 Cissampelos are said to possess powerful febrifugal properties. 

 Europe ; they are chiefly natives of tropical America and Asia. 



15. Tribe 1. Menispe'rme.e. 

 lig. 4. herb. 0. feet. 



2788 Cocculus Bauh. 



2789 Coscinium Col. 



2790 Tiliacbra Col. 

 1129 Wendlandza W. 

 2825 Cissampelos L. 

 2806 Menispermum L. 



Several Brazilian species of C6cculus and 

 No species of Menispermaceas is tound in 

 Cuttings. 



2807 Abhta Aub 



16. Tribe 2. Schiza'ndre*:. 

 2625 Schizandra Mx. 



17. Order VI. BERBERPDEiE. 



Genera 7, Species 33 ; Hot-house Species 0 ; Green-house Species 10 ; Hardy Ligneous Species 20 j 

 Hardy Herbaceous Species 3. J 35| feet ; j£ 2 feet ; ^ 0 feet 

 With the exception of Bdrberis this order does not contain any genus of much interest; most of the others 

 are low, inconspicuous, herbaceous plants ; Nandina is an elegant Japanese shrub. The Berberises are all 

 shrubs of much beauty and interest, especially the species with pinnated leaves, which are sometimes called 

 Mahonias. These are all inhabitants either of Europe, Asia, or North and South America; none have ever 

 been seen in Africa or New South Wales. Many of the finest species from Chile and India yet remain to be 

 introduced. The berries of the Berberises are acid and astringent; the latter quality is especially abundant 

 in the stem and bark. Cuttings, layers, division, and seeds. 



1090 Bdrberis L. *19 0 I 1086 Zeontice L. | 390 Ppimedium L. 0 *1 



1091 Mahbnm Nut. 1 1087 Caulophyllum Mx. 0 1 1088 Diphylleia Mx. 0 1 



1092 Nandina Thun. | I 



18. Order VII. PODOPHYLLA^CE^S. 



Genera 2, Species 2 ; Hot-house Species 0 ; Green-house Species 0 ; Hardy Ligneous Species 0 ; 

 Hardy Herbaceous Species 2. f 0 feet ; £ 1a feet. =fe 0 feet. 



Little, interesting, herbaceous North American plants, nearly related on the one hand to Nymphaeaceae, and 

 on the other to the herbaceous genera of Berberidea?. Their juice is held to be purgative. Division. 



1548 Podophyllum L. 0 1 | 1178 Jeffersbma Bart. 0 1 



19. Order VIII. HYDROPELTI'DEiE. 



Genus 1, Species 1 ; Hot-house Species 0 ; Green-house Species 1 ; Hardy Ligneous Species 0 ; 

 Hardy Herbaceous Species 0. J 0 feet ; }£ 0 feet ; ^ 0 feet. 



This order differs from Nymphaeaceae chiefly in having a definite number of seeds. It consists of only two 

 genera, each containing a single species. Both are little floating plants of tropical and northern America. 

 Nothing is known of their properties. Division or offsets. 



1644 HydropeUtis L. 



20. Order IX. NYMPHiEA^CEiE. 



Genera 4, Species 31 ; Hot-house Species 19 ; Green-house Species 0 ; Hardy Ligneous Species 0 ; 

 Hardy Herbaceous Species 12. $ 0 feet ; ^ 0 feet ; ^ 3 \ ft. 



Like the last, these are all floating plants, and, to gardeners, possessed of great interest, on account of the 

 elegant form and various hues of their flowers. Three species are known as the lilies of our own streams and 

 ponds, and the remainder occupy similar stations in other countries. Some of the Indian species of .Zvymphae\i 

 are delightfully fragrant. The holy Cyamus, or Pythagorean bean of antiquity, is the produce of the Nelum- 

 bium, a stately aquatic, which abounds in all the hotter countries of the East, where its roots are frequently 

 used as an article of food. The ditches, about Pekin and other Chinese cities, are literally choaked up with 

 its abundance. The pericarpia or beans are oblong, hard, smooth bodies, and possess the power of vegetating 

 after having been dried for even thirty years. The flowers and roots of the common white ivymph£e N a have 

 been long celebrated for their sedative and antiaphrodisiacal qualities, which are, however, now considered 

 doubtful. In Sweden, in years of scarcity, the roots of iV&phar lutea are pounded into cakes along with the 

 inner bark of Plnus sylvestris. 



This order has been the cause of much difference among botanists, as to its true station in a natural classifi- 

 cation, its structure being of so doubtful a character as to leave room for disputing whether it belongs to 

 Dicotyl^dones or Monocotyl<§dones. Upon this subject M. Decandolle has the following remarks : — " Gaertner 

 declares that the embryo is undivided, and therefore monocotyledonous. In 1802, I remarked in the Bulletin 

 Philomathique that the embryo both of .ZVymphaa'a and Miphar is enclosed in a peculiar integument, and that 

 a dicotyledonous structure is apparent when that integument is removed ; shortly after, M. Mirbel declared 

 that the embryo of Nelumbium has two thick cotyledons ; in 1806, M. Turpin gave an accurate description of 

 the fruit of Nelumbium luteum, without however removing the doubts about the real structure of the embryo, 

 and two years afterwards his colleague, M. Poiteau, described the seed and germination of the same plant, 

 pointing out that the embryo consisted of two thick cotyledons enclosed within a stipular membrane, but 

 destitute of radicula : this was subsequently confirmed by M. Mirbel after very minute anatomical examina- 

 tion ; that observer compared the seed of Nelumbium to the seed of ^fmygdalus, and also to that of Piper 

 and Saururus, and also demonstrated that the structure of the stem was analogous to that of exogenous or 

 dicotyledonous plants. A very different opinion was shortly afterwards held by M. Correa de Serra, an observer 

 of the highest order, who admitted indeed that Nymphasaceaa are exogenous, but contended that the parts 

 which had been taken by previous observers for cotyledons were, in fact, a mere expansion of the radicle, and 

 that cotyledons were as entirely absent in Neltimbium as in Ci'iscuta. In the meanwhile M. de Jussieu 

 adhered to the old opinion, that Nymphasacea? are monocotyledonous ; in which he was supported by the late 

 Professor Louis Claude Richard, a name for ever memorable in the annals of Carpology, who published a new 

 view of their structure, in which he differed materially from all his predecessors; this botanist considered the 

 stipulary membrane of Poiteau a simple cotyledon, and the cotyledons of that writer the hypoblastus, or body 

 of the radicula ; he also refused to admit any evidence derived from the anatomical structure of the stem. In 

 this conflict of opinions, I have determined to station Nymphasaceas among Ex6genes, for the following 

 reasons : 1st, because the structure of their stem is that of Ex6genes rather than of Endogenes ; 2dly, because 

 the two opposite bodies, enclosed within the little bag or stipulary membrane, described by Poiteau, appear to 

 be undoubtedly cotyledons, which is confirmed by the presence of a plumula between them in Nelumbium ; 

 3dly, because of the structure of their flower, which has a great affinity with that of Pa&nea , Magnbh'a, and 

 Papaver; 4thly, on account of the similarity between their fruit and stigma and that of Papaver; 5thly, 

 because of their milky juice and convolute leaves, two characters which are not known to exist among Endo- 

 genes." Those who are interested in pursuing this curious discussion any farther, will find many remarks and 

 illustrative figures in the English edition of the Analyse du Fruit, published by Dr. Lindley in 1819. Seeds 

 and division. 



