AND HABITS OF THE YELLOW DUNG-FLY. 



647 



Natural Enemies. 



Natural enemies were not observed. Tlie Scarabeid and 

 Staphylinid beetles and their larvie, wliicli breed in dung, do not 

 appear to attack the larv?e of Scatophaga. 



One Ichneumonid parasite was bred out from pupse, but, having 

 failed to reach the surface of the soil, was in too bad a state of 

 preservation to be identified. 



A large numl)er of birds are mentioned by Newstead as feeding 

 on Scarabeid beetles and Muscid larvje breeding in dung, so that 

 they veiy probably are a considerable check on the spread of 

 Scatophaga. 



A number of larvje are probably destroyed by natural con- 

 ditions such as the too rapid drying up of the dung or owing to 

 the dung being trodden on and spread about by cattle. 



Bihliography. 



1. Becker, T. — Dipterologische Studien. I. Scatomyzidje. 



Berlin. Ent. Zeit. 1894, pp. 77-190. 



2. Becker &l Bezzi. — Katalog der Palaarktischen Dipteren. 



3. Graham-Smith, G. S. — Flies in Relation to Disease: non- 



blood-sucking flies. Canibridge (Public Health Series), 

 1913. (Pp. xiv-l-292.) 24 pis. 



4. Observations on the Habits and Parasites of Common 



Flies. Parasitology, viii. (1915-16), pp. 441-547. 



5. Hewitt, C. G. — The House-Fly. — Biological Series, No. 1. 



Manchester University Press. 



6. Journal of Economic Biology, 1907. 



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(1908.) James F. Hathaway, New Haven. 



