60 



gunpowder-like excrementitions grains; and it is under this cover- 

 ing that it feeds. It is semi -gregarious, either living alone on 

 the leaf, or in company within a bunch of leaves tied together. 

 * * * * So far as we now know there is but one annual 

 brood of the Apple-leaf Skeletonizer; but the moths issue very ir- 

 regularly, and the worms may be found all through' the summer, 

 but particularly in the fall, as long as the leaves remain on the 

 tree. I have found but partially grown worms as late as Novem- 

 ber — unfortunates that seemed doomed to a wintry death. The 

 moths commence to make their appearance in the vicinity of St. 

 Louis by the first of May, but I have had them issue as late as 

 the last of July." 



In a letter from Mr. A. C. Hammond, published in the same connec- 

 tion, there is described a peculiar effect of the attack of these skeletoni- 

 zers which is not mentioned in any of the later articles concerning^ 

 the species, and which I have never seen in the field — that of 

 causing the fruit to fall when about one fourth grown. In the 

 orchard in question the larvae were at work in great numbers in 

 June, 1869, and it was "found that the worms generally inclosed 

 two or three apples within the mass of leaves, and that they were 

 feeding upon these as well as upon the leaves, of coijrse causing 

 them to drop." Mr. Hammond adds: "Their ravages were prin- 

 cipally confined to a few varieties. The yellow Bellflower, Wine- 

 sap, and Ben Davis appeared to be their favorites. They had 

 caused fully one haK of the fruit to fall from several hundred 

 trees in my orchard." 



Mr. Eiley also records having bred from the larvae of this species 

 "two small Ichneumon flies, one of which is a Microgaster" which, 

 he says, were accidentally destroyed before being described; and 

 mention is made of the fact that "the larva of -some lace-wing fly 

 (Chrysopa) also preys upon it." 



In a treatise on the Economic Entomology of Illinois, published 

 in the Seventh Eeport of the State Entomologist (1877), Prof. G. 

 H. French quotes (p. 252) portions of the two articles above re- 

 ferred to, but gives no original observations and adds notliing to 

 the existing knowledge concerning the subject; although the recom- 

 mendation is here first made that the arsenit^ be used as a remedy. 



In an article concerning "Orchards and Insects" published in 

 the Transactions of the Iowa State Horticultural Society for 1882, 

 Hon. J. N. Dixon, of Oskaloosa, Iowa, discusses the skeletooizer 

 and several related species, including the lesser apple leaf roller 

 (Teras minida), stating that both these species are siiigle-brpoded 

 in his latitude. But as — while dissenting in part from the results- 

 of previous writers and claiming to have originally and independently 

 worked out the life histories of these species— he falls into the 

 only error they have made, — that of considering Teras Cinderella^ 

 Eiley, and Teras mcdivoranci, LeB. (recently proven, as stated 

 elsewhere in this paper to be dimorphic forms of one species — the 

 Teras inhiuta of Eobinson) as distinct species; and as he states 



