61 



that both these species always pupate "under the surface of the 

 ground and never in the leaves," while generally at least the 

 reverse of this is the case, his assertion may reasonably be 

 doubted. Mr. Dixon recommends for the whole list of leaf-eating 

 orchard insects what he calls the "tramping remedy," which con- 

 sists simply in pasturing various kinds of stock in the orchard. 

 He also advocates spraying the foliage with white a^^nic in water 

 solution. 



In 1883 Mr. Wm. Saunders published a short article concerning 

 this insect in his excellent treatise on "Insects Injiirious to Fruits," 

 but records no original observations, and adds nothing to our 

 knowledge of its life history. 



No further records of observations upon this insect were pub- 

 lished, so far as I am aware, until 1884, when Prof. S. A. Forbes 

 noted the damage done by it in nurseries in McLean county. 111., 

 mentioning the suggestive fact that varieties having thick or wo nLly- 

 leaves are l east liable to injury (Trans. 111. St. Hort. Soc. 1884, 

 p. 124; 14th'Tlep. St. Ent. 111. pp. 97, 98). 



In Bulletin No. 11 of the Division of Entomology of the U. S. 

 Department of Agriculture (p. 20), submitted in January, 1886, Mr. F. 

 M. Webster reports the results of some experiments on this insect 

 made with soluble pinoleum and Hammond's slug shot. A solution 

 of fifteen parts of the former substance with eighty-five parts 

 water was sprayed over the leaves September 15, the result being 

 that "probably seventy-five per cent, of the larvae were destroyed; 

 but full grown larvse were observed on the leaves October 1." 

 Leaves seriously affected by larvae were dusted with slug shot Sep- 

 tember 15, when no dew was on them, the result being that the 

 next day fifty per cent, of the larvae were dead. Other applica- 

 tions followed with similar beneficial results. 



DESCEIPTION. 



The following are the descriptions of the three stages of the 

 insect, as given by Eiley (4th Mo. Ent. Kep., p. 46): 



"Larva. — Length, 0.45-0.50 inch. General color olive, or pale 

 green, or brown, with a broad dark stripe along each side of back. 

 Tapers slightly both ways, joints 4-12, inclusive, divided into two 

 transverse folds. Freckled with numerous pale specks and with 

 piliferous spots, the specks often taking the form of two pale 

 broken lines along the upper edge of dark stripe. The piliferous 

 spots are pale with a central black dot, and are best seen in the 

 dark specimens. On joints 4-12, inclusive, they are placed four in 

 a square on the middle of the back, and four more each side, the 

 two upper lateral ones being on the anterior fold, the stigmata 

 appearing as minute rufous specks between them. Both these 

 spots are often double. The third lateral spot is on the posterior 

 folds, and the fourth is subventral and anterior. The hairs pro- 

 ceeding from these spots are long and setaceous. Head horizontal, 



