78 



upon T. malivorana is given, together with an account of the 

 life history of the latter by Mr. Wier, reprinted from the "Prairie 

 Farmer" for February 10, 18/2. Dr. Riley writes: "These worms bear 

 so close a resemblance to each other that it is almost impossible 

 to characterize them." He says concerning the larva of T. Cin- 

 derella: "This worm changes to a chrysalis within the fold of 

 the leaf, lined with silk, and when about to give forth the moth 

 works its way partially out at one end The chrysalis is peculiar 

 from having a rounded projection in front of the head. The moth 

 is a most unassuming little body, with the front wings of a dark 

 ash-gray, without a shade of any other color, the hind wings 

 paler." And of the other supposed species, T. malivorana, he 

 remarks: "In habit, and in size, form, and color, it is the exact 

 counterpart of the leaf-tyer just described. The chrysalis is also 

 similar; but the moth, instead of being uniformly ash-gray, is of 

 a bright orange, but of exactly the same size and equally uniform 

 in coloration, so that by imagining a bright, golden orange instead 

 of deep ash-gray, Figure 22, c would answer for this species." 



In 1875 Zeller. again described the orange form of the moth 

 {Beitr. p. 6), the species this time receiving the name Teras 

 variolana. 



In the Report of the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey 

 for 1876 (pp. 522,523), Dr. Packard publishes the following de- 

 tails of the form on cranberry, which he then called the "Yellow 

 Cranberry Worm {Tortrix vaccinlivorana):'' "The larva draws 

 the leaves together with silken threads, transforming into a pupa 

 within the mass. A single larva seems to select one twig or 

 bunch, and eats the parenchyma from the upper surface of the 

 leaves until every leaf or twig is injured and the plant nearly as 

 much destroyed as if the leaves were eaten up entirely. In this 

 way each larva seems to eat the best part of about twelve leaves, 

 which usually remain on the stalk, affording a shelter to the pupa, 

 which is naked, partly sticking out of the leaves." 



Probably Dr. Packard meant that the pupa was thus exposed 

 after the emergence of the moth, rather than before. At least 

 this is the case with the apple-feeding specimens. 



Mr. Trouvelot, by whom the drawings for Dr. Packard's illustra- 

 tions were made, noticed that, like the larvae of the Hesperid?e, 

 as Eudamus and Tityrus, this cranberry worm sends off the ex- 

 crement to some distance, when it defecates. When it had built 

 an imperfect cocoon it was very careful to remove the pellets of 

 excrement in it by taking them with the mandibles and carrying 

 them out. 



In the "Prairie Farmer" for July 15, 1870, Dr. Cyrus Thomas 

 notes the receipt, from Mr. T. Hallett, Galena, 111., of a letter 

 stating that a green worm had been doing much injury to the 

 young api)lo trees, causing them to change color as if singed by 

 fire. In the absence of any specimens the Doctor presumes this 

 to be the present species. Mr. Wier's article, published in the 

 "Prairie Farmer',' in 1872 (I. c. ), is here republished. 



