121 



to the lining, since between the lining and the case there is provided an in- 

 sulation space, which in some refrigerators is filled with materials like 

 sawdust, cork, and charcoal, and in other refrigerators the space is left 

 unfilled, the dead air being regarded the most effective insulation. Lum- 

 ber for refrigerators must be well dried as otherwise the extreme variations 

 of temperature are apt to cause it to buckle and check. The large refrigera- 

 tors or cooling rooms are built to order in the place in which they are 

 used. Though hardwoods are called on for the exterior or case work of the 

 higher priced work, softwoods answer to a considerable extent both for the 

 linings and cases. The materials for both of these parts are usually rather 

 thick and are preferred to guard more effectively against the penetration 

 of heat. It is possible, so the Pennsylvania manufacturers claim, to secure 

 a temperature of 38 degrees from ice alone in these large refrigerators. 



Table 76. — Wood for Refrigerators and Kitchen Cabinets, year ending June, 



1912. 



Kind of Wood. 



Quantity. 



Grown in 

 Pennsyl- 



Grown Out 

 of Penn- 

 sylvania. 



Yellow poplar, 

 Shortleaf pine, 

 White oak, . . 



Spruce 



Cottonwood, . 



Red oak 



Sugar maple, 



Birch 



Beech, 



Hemlock 



Ash, 



Basswood, 



Chestnut, 



Cherry (black), 

 Red gum 



White pine, .. 



Total, . . . 



566,200 

 453,750 

 448,450 

 413,800 

 150,000 



22.98 

 18.42 

 18.20 

 16.79 

 6.09 



$28 27 

 27 07 

 30 44 

 37 39 

 32 00 



$16,009 

 12,284 

 13,649 

 15,474 

 4,800 



363,000 



250,000 

 190,000 



2OS,20O 

 453.750 

 198,450 

 223,800 

 150,000 



117,450 

 80,750 

 65,000 

 55,000 

 37,100 



4.77 

 3.28 

 2.64 

 2.23 

 1.50 



41 91 

 28 71 

 25 15 

 17 36 

 22 13 



4,922 

 2,318 

 1,635 



955 

 821 



80,750 

 30,000 

 30,000 

 33,100 



U7,460 



35,000 

 25,000 

 4,000 



32,000 

 21,600 

 11,800 

 7,500 

 2,900 



1.30 

 .88 

 .48 

 .30 

 .12 



38 19 

 31 11 



28 05 

 62 50 

 50 CO 



^ 1,222 

 672 

 331 

 409 

 145 



4,000 

 1,600 

 11,800 

 7,500 



28,000 

 20,000 



2.900 



500 



.02 



28 00 



14 



500 





2,463,80C 



lOO.OO 



$30 73 



$75,720 



1,002,250 



1,461,550 



EXCELSIOR. 



Formerly excelsior was called wood fiber but later it received its present 

 name given it by an upholstery firm in its advertisement. In 1860 this 

 commodity was first placed on the market by a Maine manufacturer, but 

 it was not called on to meet much of a demand for a decade; then with 

 the improved machinery invented by Europeans the manufacture of excelsior 

 was greatly facilitated. Since that time it has become a staple product. 

 According to a recent report by the Forest Service and the Bureau of the 

 Census, it was ascertained that 85,000,000 feet of forest material is yearly 

 demanded for its manufacture. Pennsylvania is not so important an excelsior 

 state as either Virginia or New York, the former being second and the 

 latter third. Pennsylvania is the tenth, consuming each year over one and 

 a half million feet of wood all cut within the State. In the New England 



