2 



TOPOGRAPHY OF THE 



Alexander the Great. The small town of Attok, where Alexander crossed the Indus 

 into India, is only ten miles north of the middle of the northern edge of the square. 

 The famous Muneekyala Tope, built by king Ivanishka, about the Christiadi Era, to 

 mark the spot where Booddlia in compassion gave his own flesh to satisfy the hunger 

 of a starving tiger, stands a little outside the square, fifteen miles southeast of Kawul 

 Pindee. 



The river Indus enters the square about the middle of the northern edge, and leaves 

 it at the southwest corner. The Jhelum River (the "fabulosus Hydaspes" of the 

 ancients), one of the live rivers that gives its name to the Punjab, flows across the 

 southeast corner, past Pind Dadun Khan, southwesterly towards the Indus. The centre 

 of the region is drained by the Solian, which rises near Rawul Pindee, and flows west 

 southwest to the Indus. 



The region lies, then, mostly between the Indus and Jhelum, in what is called the 

 Sind Sagur Doab (two rivers), and it is mainly in the mountainous or hill}' part (Koh- 

 istan) of the Doab. 



II. GENERAL LAY OF THE LAND. 



The wide, flat plain of the lower Indus skirts the southern edge of the region, but 

 the rest (within the Doab) is filled by a somewhat uneven table land, about 750 feet 

 higher than that plain, with the Salt Range on the south in a very open vee, pointing 

 southwesterly, and long armed on the east, and with the Choor Hills and a spur of the 

 Himalayas on the" north, nearly parallel to the Salt Range, but in a still more open 

 curve, and with two or three much shorter parallel mountains between those two main 

 ranges. 



This spur of the Himalayas (4,000 feet high above the sea) just entei's the northeast 

 corner of the region, dies down into the plains (about 1,900 feet above the sea) for a 

 dozen miles, and is continued westerly in the Choor Hills (up to 3,500 feet in height) 

 as far as to the Indus, followed by a little studied region of higher mountains, west 

 of the river. The Salt Range, with two ridges 3,000, or even at one point 5,000 feet 

 high and a valle}^ between of half a dozen miles wide and some 2,500 feet high, passes 

 just north of Pind Dadun Ivhan, west and southwesterly, to the southern edge of 

 the region, and then turns northwest with a single ridge, and afterwards with several 

 ridges, to the Indus, followed by high mountains west of the river. 



The country between the Choor Hills and the Salt Range is a comparatively level 

 one, about fifteen hundred feet above the sea. A dozen miles southwest of Rawul 

 Pindee, the mountain called Khairee Moorut rises above the plain, and runs southw^est 

 for fifteen or twenty miles, reaching a height of over 3,000 feet. There are also, here 

 and there, a few lower hills in the plains. 



