m SOUTIl-EASTEIlN" PENNSYLVANIA. 



Fig. 8, a rather regular chipped chisel ; terminal edges and a medial portion 

 from end to end polished : one edge in good condition, the other battered. Although 

 the edge surfaces seem too convex for serviceable cutting, the skill of the workman 

 appears (as in modern axe-gi inding) in the uniformity of the surface. A dense in- 

 durated clay, scratching glass, and admitting of a fine polish : no indication of age : 

 thickness about two-fifths of the width. 



CHAPTER III. 



SCRAPERS. PL. 3. 



We must not suppose that primitive utensils were restricted to special uses, like 

 the varied contents of a modern workshop, a primitive axe being at hand to do duty 

 for a hoe, a net-sinker to act as a hammer — * yet knowing the habits of modern 

 savages, and judging the capabilities of an implement, we will seldom fail in assign- 

 ing it to its proper use. While many knives and scrapers may be used indifferently, 

 in most cases we may be allowed to sepai'ate them — hence the present section. 



Figs. 1, 2, represent what I suppose to be natural spalls of quartzite, of which 

 sharp fragments were always procurable at this locality. 



Figs. 5, 6, of indurite, with little or no work after being severed : both marked 

 with yellow clay. 



Figs. 4, 16, white quartz, the latter one from the black mold. The edge of 'No. 

 4 is thin and sharp, it includes the rounded extremity, about half the convex and one- 

 third of the concave margin. 



Fig. 10, thick at base, thinner towards the point, chipped from a black chert 

 pebble. 



Figs. 11, 15 (both from the black mold), and 19 are of hard cherty stone. In 

 No. 11, the convexity of the edge is slight, in others much greater. 



Figs. 3, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, red jasper of various tints. A remarkably lai-ge bur 

 ("bulb of percussion") appears on No. 3, which has a perforation due to a drusy 

 cavity. 



Fig. 7, a beautiful, bright, polished, red flake, beveled by chipping along the 

 right margin : a less abrupt bevel on the naiTOw part of the left side : inferior or flat 

 surface slightly concave. Compare Eeliq. Aquitanicse, A, PI. X, Fig. 5 ; and Evans 

 (Stone Implements, Fig. 397), who remarks that, "Such scrapers also occur in most 

 of the caves which have furnished implements in France and Belgium, and usually 

 in much greater proportional abundance than has been the case in Kent's Cavern. 



* "I admired Uie cleanness and flatness of all their yards. The ground is first covered wilh a soft wrought clay, 

 and smootlied hy rolling hard clay vessels over it."— Rev. John Campbell. Travels in South Africa, vol. 1, p. 244, 

 1822. 



