;358 



ON THE CONTENTS OF A ItOOK IlETKEAT 



Fig. 29, I take to represent a borer, probably intended to be inserted in a handle. 

 (See Abbott, Fig. 145.) 



Figs. 35, 36, represent flattened awls, both sharply pointed when found, the blunt 

 extremity polished, ajiparently by being held between the fingers in some such use as 

 sewing. 



Figs. 37-40, awls of bone, of which Fig. 40 shows scratches of the implement 

 used in shaping it. - 



• ■ -■ ■ : • ^ ^' CHAPTER V. 



A R R o w - n E A D s. r I, . 5 , 6 . 



Ai-row-hcads seem, upon both continents, to be the most common of all definite 

 stone implements. The Chickis Ketreat furnished about four hundred entire or frag- 

 mentary examples, excluding mere spalls and counting the manj^ worked fragments 

 which beloug to this type. -, ,:>c :..h . -., 



The material used includes quartzite (PI. 5, Fig. 15, IG ; PI. 6, Fig. 31), and 

 white quartz (PI. 5, Figs. 17, 18, 21 ; PI. 6, Figs. 1, 2, 7, 8, 10, 18, 20, 21), both min- 

 erals of the locality; limestone of the vicinity (rarely used); and minerals selected 

 from the pebbles and fragments along the shore and bed of the Susquehanna, such as 

 red jas})ei' (PI. G, Fig. 10), yellow jasper (PI. G, Fig. 22), chert, trap, indurite (indu- 

 rated clay) ; and siliceous shale (PI. 5, Fig. 22, 23, 25, 2G ; PI. 6, Fig. 13, 23, 29, 32), 

 hard enough to scratch glass. 



The numerous broken specimens and the abundance of chips, suggest that the 

 retreat was occupied by generations of arrow-makers ; and it might be expected that 

 four hundi-ed specimens from the same woi'k-shop, would exhibit many stages of the 

 manufacture, and Plate 5 represents such an illustrative series. A pebble having 

 been selected, and perhaps tried as to texture by detaching a chip, as in PI. 5, Fig. 1, 

 the next step is to bi'eak it in two, as in Fig. 1 and 2, of which the opposite half was 

 possibly used, as the surface seems to present a favorable texture, particularly that of 

 Fig. 2, which i-etains the fractural gloss, and the edge of both is sufiiciently sharp to 

 allow them to be used as scrapers. In Fig. 3 and 4, part of the unwrought surface 

 of the stone or pebble remains, and a slight advance is made towards the final arrow 

 foi-m, an advance which appears in most of the figures. Fig. 5 may be a mere chip 

 whose irregularity of fracture would have caused its rejection. 



Figs. 11 and 14, may have been intended for borers. 



Fig. 12, may represent the head of a fish-spear: with a good outline, the form is 

 thick, and the work coarse. 



