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The N/VTUralist. 



Philonotis calcarea, Tetraplodon mnioides (fr.), Webera albicans, Bryum 

 pseudotriquetmm, and B. pallens ; Mnium serratum, Zieria julacea, 

 Cinclidotus fontinaloides (fr.), Neckera crispa, Anomodon viticulosus, 

 Hypnum revolvens, and H. stramineus ; the hepaticfe, Cliiloscyphus 

 polyanthus, Madotheca platyphylla, and Reboulia hemisphaerica (£r. ), and 

 the lichens CoUema fluviatile, Endocarpon miniatum, &c. Not many 

 fungi were seen, Cantharellus muscigenus being the most noteworthy. 

 Among algse were Batrachospermum moniliforme, Conferva capillaris, 

 Nostoc verrucosum, Rivularia calcarea, and Encyonema prostratum. 

 Mr. Tate reported for the geological section that the local silurian 

 and carboniferous sections found full occupation for the members. 

 The Moughtow quarries exijibit the carboniferous limestone resting 

 horizontally upon the denuded edges of Coniston flags, separated by 

 a conglomerate of waterworn silurian pebbles in a calcareous matrix. 

 The series of Craven faults was clearly expounded by Mr. Tiddeman 

 daring a stroll from Settle by Scalebar Foss and Attermere to the 

 Victoria Cave. Specimens of malachite, heavy spar, galena, calcite 

 and calamine were obtained at the old lead mines. Of the rarer lime- 

 stone fossils we noted Psammodus porosus, Asaphus granuliferus, A. 

 globiceps, Bellerophon costatus, B. cornu-arietis, Pleurorhynchus ala3- 

 formis, Aviculo-pecten concentricus, Platycrinus ellipticus. Dr. Parsons 

 remarked the abrupt change, near Capon Hall and at Malham Tarn, from 

 the calcareous flora to the peat morass covered with heath, Empetrum, 

 SphagTium, &c. (hardly a single species being common to the carboniferous 

 and silurian areas), as an illustration of the assistance which a knowledge 

 of botany afibrds in defining the limits of strata. Mr. Tate says of the 

 Victoria Cave that the remains found within it indicate successive 

 ■occupations at different ages by man, and by animals now extinct in 

 Britain. The uppermost or Romano-Celtic layer contained Roman 

 pottery and coins, Celtic imitations of Roman coins, dress-fasteners, 

 or ''frogs," perforated bone studs, needles, spoon-shaped fibulae, 

 bone and stone spindlewhorls, bronze brooches inlaid with coloured 

 enamels, bronze and silver rings, transparent and coloured glass 

 beads, with the bones of animals still living in Britain — the Celtic short- 

 horned ox, the goat, pig, horse, dog, stag, badger, fox, and two species of 

 domestic fowl. Interbedded with the limestone talus six feet lower, we 

 come upon the neolithic layer, containing polished stone implements (but 

 no metals), chipped flint tools fastened into bone handles, arrow-heads, 

 bone harpoons, one with double barbs facing in one direction, and a third 

 reversed barb at the base, for attachment to the fish-spearing shaft. The 

 grizzly bear, brown bear, and reindeer evidence a cold climate, and their 

 remains are preceded by twenty feet of glacial deposit, underlying which 

 we have the palaeolithic layer, or the hyaena's den, containing the gnawed 

 bones and teeth of Elephas antiquus. Rhinoceros leptorrhinus, Bos 

 primigenius, Hippopotamus major, Canis lupus, and a human fibula, 

 together with a small humerus bearing very evident toolmarks thereon. 



