ROSENSTOCK : CONTRIBUTIONS TO PHRENOLOGY. 1 55 



Month. Day. Name of Plant. L.i. Fl.i. Fr.i. E. 



August ... I Atropa belladonna ... ... — — Fr. — 



1 1 Sambucus nigra ... ... — — Fr. 



24 Cornus sanguinea ... ... — — Fr. 



September ... 9 Ligustrum vulgare ... ... - — — Fr. — 



16 /Esculus hippocastanum ... — — Fr. — 



October ... 10 /Esculus hippocastanum ... — — — E. 



13 Betula alba — — — E. 



15 Fagu» sylvatica ... ... — — — E. 



20 Quercus pedunculata ... ... — — - — E. 



Or, in order to see the various phases of a species at a glance, the 

 table may be arranged thus : — 



L. F. Fr. E. 



Quercus pedunculata ... May 1 ... — ... — ... Oct. 20 

 JEsculus hippocastanum April 10 ... May 7 ... Sept. 16 ... O&kttO 



and so on. The following instructions are added: — 



Observations to be confined to freely-exposed specimens; wall- 

 grown (espalier) plants, as well as exceptionally early or late 

 individuals, are inadmissible, since the object in view is to ascertain 

 for any particular station, mean average, and hence climatologically 

 characteristic data. The locality selected for observation must be a 

 normal one, neither exceptionally protected or exposed, and should be 

 visited daily. 



In the list of data received from various localities throughout 

 Europe, Dr. Hoffmann adds at the end of each report what he terms 

 the mean April reduction, i.e. — he calculates the average number of 

 days by which the April blossoms of a given number of species in a 

 particular locality open sooner or later than those of the same species 

 in a given locality taken as a standard of comparison. The appended 

 table will serve to convey a clear idea of the term and the method, 

 Giessen being taken as the standard locality : — 



Mean. 



1881. 



Giessen. 



S. Paul (Carinthia) Days. 







(Iat. 46°43',long. I5°i2'). 





Betula alba 



... 17 



18 



1 



Prunus avium 



... 18 



19 



1 - 



Prunus cerasus 



... 22 



26 



4 



Prunus padus 



... 23 



28 



5 



Prunus spinosa 



... I 9 



19 



o ; /■ r, < ' 



Pyrus communis 



... 23 



27 



4 



Pyrus malus 



... 28 



... 2 May ... 



4 



Ribes aureum 



... 17 







Ribes rubrum 



13 



17 



4 





220 





3 days later than Giessen 



In another similar table for Berleburg (o°28' N. o°2o' W. of 

 Giessen) for 1882, in which the data are much earlier, the average 

 number of days of the April blossoms for the same species is 19 days 

 later than Giessen. 



To select, a few characteristic localities from the list : thus, at 

 St. Petersburg (lat. 59°5o' N., long. 3o°i9' E.) the number is 42 days 



May 1886. 



