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east and west shadings indicate in the valleys very nearly 

 the extent of the shallow land. The occurrence of pebbles 

 and boulders merely indicates the places where currents of 

 water have been in action, and they are therefore only found 

 on the good lands. The climate, elevation, and exposure, 

 are likewise to be attended to over this district. 



Beneath the Chalk come the beds of Oolite, concerning 

 which I shall simply quote from a valuable paper by Sir J. 

 V. B. Johnstone, Bart., F.G.S., vol. 1. p. 271, Journal of 

 the Royal Agricultural Society, He there states that having 

 observed great variations in the soils of his estate, not only 

 on the hill sides, but also upon the table land, Dr. Smith 

 offered a solution of the difficulty by a reference to Geology 

 . — and the result obtained clearly demonstrated that the value 

 of each field, and the mode of cultivation already adopted, 

 corresponded to the variations of the strata, and were limited 

 by the areas which these occupied on the surface ; thus show- 

 ing that the geological character of a country, when accu- 

 rately understood, pointed out at once the natural value of 

 the land, and the system- of cultivation best adapted to it. 

 Again, Sir John Johnstone says, "when on descending the 

 hill sides, it was found that there were certain fields which, 

 " whether towards the north or south, whatever the aspect, 

 ** whatever the local circumstances, invariably produced 

 *' good wheat, it was a triumph for agricultural geology to 

 discover that these fields were invariably upon the Oxford 

 Clay, or rather were the lower beds of the Calcareous 

 " Grit become mixed up with that formation." 



The New Red Sandstone formation in Yorkshire is one of 

 great complexity, and each of the signs before-named, when- 

 ever available, is necessary for determining the relative value 

 of any given portion. The great difficulty is, that upon 

 the central plain of Yorkshire, coloured as New Red Sand- 

 stone, are found alluvial, diluvial, and lacustrine deposits of 



