BALDERSTON : GLACIAL ACTION NEAR INGLETON. I9I 



Clay Foruiation. — To the E.S.E. of the Twiss, below Broad wood 

 Weir, is a slight outcrop of a well-defined, grey-blue, firm boulder-clay 

 of homogeneous composition and texture ; the exposure is only 

 meagre, so that a perfect examination at this point is not easily made. 

 In a corresponding situation in the valley of the Doe, also below the 

 mill-weir in that place, at the base of a steep bank called the Strands 

 Waste, is an outcrop of the same bed of boulder-clay from below the 

 Drift ; here, however, it appears somewhat dingier in colour, owing 

 to refuse that has been thrown on to the bank above. In Kingsdale, 

 in that section called Sandymires, very thick and hard beds of clay 

 may be observed in a deep and angular pool of the river, where they 

 have been formed in this upper region as a basement to the lacus- 

 trine basin above the ford — a basin that appears to have been cut 

 through by natural agencies. 



Returning to the low land in the vicinity of Ingleton, clay is also 

 found in certain places above the general Drift, and is, no doubt, 

 referable to the Upper Boulder Clay ; and from what I remember of 

 its appearance, it is of a much darker blue than that characteristic of 

 the stratum already described as lying below the glacial aggregation 

 of heterogeneous rock. 



From the outline of facts here presented, it may be concluded 

 that the components of the Drift at Ingleton consist almost exclu- 

 sively of local material, brought down by the two glaciers descending 

 the valleys, and not by Icebergs, Iceflows, or the extension of larger 

 glaciers from more distant and elevated mountains. That foreign 

 material in the form of ' erratics ' may from time to time have been 

 added to the local deposit, when variations in physical conditions 

 occurred, as in the case of the boulders of section 9, is undoubted ; 

 but, although this has been most unquestionably the case, yet the 

 arrivals have been so rare as not materially to have affected the con- 

 stitution of the formation. 



It must be noted that the extreme height to which the glacier of 

 the Doe carried its porphyritic burden is 800 feet, an altitude which 

 approximately corresponds to that to which the original patches or 

 beds, from which the former were derived, attained ; and that these 

 blocks have in some cases travelled about four miles from their 

 original position. In the instance of a few limestone and sandstone 

 boulders, the distance may even be as much as seven to ten miles. 

 Lower down the river, at a point one or two miles from Ingleton, 

 are rounded masses of soft Red Sandstone, some of which may have 

 been subjected to the action of the lower extremity of the combined 

 glacier, but others are undoubtedly concretionary. The Red and 

 Grey Dykes may possibly give evidence to the experienced eye of 



July 1888. 



