WESTBURY STATION, N. Y. 15 
Comparative Chart 
Results on Long Island 
For river bottom land nature has developed a special 
type of tree with surface roots, unaccustomed to a 
strenuous effort to obtain food and water. Alder, ash, 
elm, Kentucky coffee tree, Carolina poplar or cotton- 
wood, willow, American buttonball and arborvitse are 
types. Some trees from alluvial soils thrive also on up- 
land, and others do not permanently thrive. They 
generally have soft, weak wood that is easily broken 
and quickly decays. Trees of this type form the chief 
list of nurseries, because they multiply cheaply, grow 
rapidly, live when transplanted with short roots or small 
ball, or when dried in shipment, and supply the demand 
for cheap trees that make a good show the first year. 
Owing to slight diversity, there is but small advan- 
tage in one slope over another, for influence of frost on 
fruit blossoms, etc. On the north and south shores 
Hydrangea Otaksa ripens its flower-buds slowly and 
lives outside. In the center of the island the flower- 
buds are killed. 
Many seaside places are bare and bleak, and much 
time and capital is wasted. Many owners are unneces- 
sarily discouraged and fail to develop the fullest beauty 
of their property because they plant a few scattered 
trees of varieties not adapted to their conditions. 
Branches of trees are badly broken. The wounds 
may prove fatal, especially on broad spreading trees, 
where the wound is near the trunk. Silver maple, 
old apple trees, old white pines and elms are prone to 
damage. 
Lessons for Long Island 
For permanent planting on the thinner upland soils 
of Long Island, avoid such trees unless quick, cheap 
results only are desired, and the requirements as to 
food and water will be met. If planted, put the perma- 
nent trees between. For the drier upland, nature has 
developed scarlet, black, post and black-jack Oaks, 
mockernut hickory, white birch, chestnut, wild cherry, 
red cedar, pitch-pine, white pine. It needs special 
skill, patience and thoroughness to grow and fit this 
type of tree for successful transplanting. 
Make artificial ravines by planting bays of large 
evergreens in the shelter of which less hardy plants 
may be grown. Take advantage of shelter of build- 
ings, fences, hedges, orchards. Old orchards may be 
transformed into landscape features by planting shade- / 
enduring species under them. To screen a stable 
through the woods, an artificial ravine with high banks 
of rock and soil may be made and planted with hem- 
lock, yew, fir, rhododendron, evergreen fern, etc. 
Follow nature. Plant trees and shrubs 2 to 5 feet 
apart in belts 20 to 100 feet wide ; keep foliage compact; 
fertilize little and often ; manure or mulch heavily, or 
cover the ground with brush ; put low hardy shrubs on 
the windward side, and back of them the taller trees 
and shrubs. In some cases build a board fence for 
winter or all the year. Solve each problem according 
to (1st) conditions of exposure, moisture, soil, fertility 
and available soil to add ; (2d) purpose, as low cover, 
tall shade, to hold drifting sand, or cover sand bluff; 
(3d) time when results are wanted, in one to two years 
or six years. See list for seaside planting. 
Prune the wounds close to the trunk and keep painted 
till healed to prevent decay. To check the tendency of 
old white pines to break, let the lower branches rest on 
the ground and shorten the upper branches and 
strengthen by wires. With silver maples and elms, plant, 
trees trained to a single leader, or bolt the crotches. 
EXPLANATION OF MAP 
Map adapted from Elementary Meteorology, by William M. Davis, Professor of Physical 
Geography in Harvard University. 
The numbered lines show the number of degrees of difference or range between the aver- 
age temperatures of January and July. 
Long Island and Northern Japan are on line 40 0 ; England and coast of Oregon on 20 0 . 
— ■ — 1 — ■ line of average January temperature of 30 0 , passing through Long Island, Colo- 
rado, Japan, Caucasus, Germany and Norway. 
Small arrows, cold and warm ocean currents. Large double arrows, prevailing winter wind 
from warm ocean current to coast of England and Oregon, and from dry cold interior to Long 
Island/Japan and coast of Manchuria. . . 
'Japan is more protected by mountains on the mainland than Long Island. Southern Japan 
receives more benefit of warm ocean current than Long Island, otherwise their climates are 
very similar. 
