WESTBURY STATION, N. Y. n Comparative Chart 
Results on Long Island 
Lessons for Long Island 
Trees do not often die from too wet soil on Long 
Island. It suffers less from long drought than regions 
with clay soil, because a porous soil contains capillary 
water which comes up from the subsoil. 
Increase the moisture-holding power by adding hu- 
mUs, by stable manure, plowing under crimson and 
red clover, or rye. 
Where water-table is over 15 feet deep, trees depend 
on rain and moisture held in the surface soil and ad- 
jacent subsoil. 
Where, the water-table is less than 15 feet deep, newly 
planted trees may suffer, but older trees reach the 
water. 
Therefore, if full beauty is expected,, do not plant elm 
trees unless there is 2 feet of good soil, and water is 
applied during drought. 
Moisture-loving trees may be planted, but should be 
helped to start by deep soil preparation to encourage 
the roots downward. Plant red maple, beech, catalpa, 
elm, linden, liquidambar, tulip, magnolia, oaks, pep- 
peridge, plane tree, willows, etc. The valleys in the 
plains are near water, but are very gravelly and poor. 
They need deeper soil, humus and fertilizer. 
Around these ponds grow pin-oak, sweet gum, pep- 
peridge, red maple, because they can stand inunda- 
tion. . They will also grow on upland. Trees reaching 
the land springs often grow with unexpected vigor. 
Plants and animals requiring permanent supply of 
water cannot exist around the ponds that dry up in 
summer. . . 
Elm trees may be planted and require fertilizer con- 
taining potash. If the surroundings are malarious, 
drain these ponds, or maintain them and stock with fish. 
White pine is native to these grave! slopes. Else- 
where competition crowds it out. 
Plant pine groves. As a ground cover,. Dwarf or 
Mugho pine and flat juniper are cheaper and more 
successful than grass. 
Occasionally ponds are formed. Locust abundant. 
Hemlock occasional. 
A wide variety of trees grow successfully and de- 
velop into beautiful specimens. It is favorable for 
stock-farming and fruit-growing. 
Above such clay strata, springs occur in narrow, 
sheltered valleys. 
In such places immense black walnuts are found. 
In the dells and ravines plant, in addition to the hardy 
trees, the choicer plants that thrive better than in the 
center of the island, as English yew, English holly, 
Magnolia grandiflora, osmanthus, Andromeda Ja- 
Poitica, Azalea amcena, Euonymus Japonica, Chinese 
trumpet creeper (Bignonia grandiflora), tea roses, 
jessamine, chimnonanthus, acuba, evergreen ferns, box- 
wood, English walnut. 
When clover is not grown the land is soon impover- 
ished and judged poor. Trees make only 20 per cent 
of the growth that is possible if they are supplied with 
more food, and the planter is discouraged from devel- 
oping the highest beauty possible. 
Plant clover and plow under for manure. Sow white 
clover in lawns. Use plants of this family for sterile 
sand banks and fertilize with potash and bone. Inocu- 
late the soil with bacteria, which grow in the root tub- 
ercles of the leguminous family and gather nitrogen from 
the air. Apply nitrate of soda in small quantities, one 
teaspoonful per square yard in April and June, or apply 
nitrogen in slower and cheaper form for trees, as. hair- 
manure from Cooper's Glue Factory, or fertilizer con- 
taining fish or tankage. 
Trees and grass make rapid growth with bone. Bone 
or South Carolina rock dissolved in sulphuric acid is 
used for vegetables. The original supply of available 
phosphoric acid is mostly exhausted in long cultivated 
land. Abundant phosphoric acid and potash induce 
fruitfulness and hardiness. 
Use bone in planting trees and for lawn, and dissolved 
bone or South Carolina rock for vegetables. 
Fruit trees, especially peach, require potash. Apples 
grow best on glacial hills containing potash-bearing 
rocks. The fertility of some Long Island fields has 
been shipped to New York in crops for many years, 
without replenishing the land, and some fields are now 
abandoned. 
Apply potash or Canadian unleached hard-wood 
ashes, or fertilizers containing 4 to 8 per cent of potash. 
Apply at least once a year. Grow evergreens, as they 
require less potash than hard-wood deciduous trees. 
