and Means of Obtaining the Best Results 
Results on Long Island 
Lesson for Long Island 
Many English plants thrive here, but some do not 
permanently. thrive or live to happy old age, because of 
wide range of temperature. , 
In freezing, sap passes out of the minute cells of the 
leaf and forms crystals between. In quick thawing, 
in dry air, this dries out of the leaf, and it dies ; in 
slow thawing, in moist air or shade, the water is re- 
absorbed. Ability c to stand wide range of tempera- 
ture is the most important test of hardiness here. 
Western Europe, and western coast of United 
States, and British Columbia have a small range of 
temperature. 
Eastern coasts of United States and Asia have a 
wide range of temperature. 
Avoid those for extensive planting. If they produce 
a certain desired landscape effect, get something else to 
do it here which is better adapted to our conditions. 
Shade rhododendrons, holly, mahonia, Euonymus 
Japonica, Azalea amcena, yew, by planting under oak 
or locust, or adjacent to pines ; or shade by straw, 
evergreen boughs or boards. 
Get plants from those regions having similar range of 
temperature. ' 
Plants in each of these regions thrive in the other, 
and fail here. Examples : Olive, fig, European grape 
thrive in California. 
Plants from northern Japan, Saghalin, Manchuria, 
Corea, thrive on Long Island, as extremes of tempera- 
ture are the same. 
Send us seeds and names of business correspondents, 
explorers and missionaries, who can collect seeds of new 
plants. 
Brilliant light and added reflection from snow start 
the sap to flow too early. 
Shade rhododendron, yew, holly, etc. Plant on the 
north side of buildings, other evergreen, or deciduous 
trees, as oak, chestnut, locust, avoiding those that rob 
the roots too much, as black walnut, silver maple. 
Sufficient rain on Long Island, if it can be conserved 
in the soil. 
Usually sufficient for established trees. Water is nec- 
essary to carry up plant-food. Some lawns are starved 
while adjacent pastures are luxuriant. 
A drought is not liable to mar the beauty of a lawn 
planted with proper species to fit the soil, if the trees 
and shrubs are mulched. 
Evaporation from foliage and from the ground is 
.greater on Long Island than in England. 
The prevailing northwest wind is dry, and dries out 
the .foliage, even if frozen. 
1 Conserve rain by letting it soak in around plants. 
Often the grass is mowed close and the surface of the 
ground made smooth, dry and hard by rolling. A sum- 
mer shower mainly runs off, or is taken by the grass. 
Keep the ground under trees dug up loose in a circle 
2 feet wider than the_ spread of roots. Dig loose, or hoe 
3 inches deep once in two weeks; or, better,' keep it 
mulched 4 inches deep with straw, manure, thatch, 
salt hay, or drift from the beach. If water is needed, 
as indicated by the earth, or by wilting or slow growth 
of the tree, apply 2 to 4 inches. If not mulched, hoe 
the surface after watering to prevent baking of the sur- 
face and drying out. Repeat the watering in a week. 
Heavy daily watering may kill trees by saturating the 
soil and rotting the roots. Plan irrigation for a lawn, 
. but depend mainly on humus and good culture. 
Protect from wind by close planting of evergreens. 
It is the drying out more than extreme cold which causes 
winter-killing. Mulch ground, so sap can be sent up. 
Dry air dries out foliage. There is 30 per cent greater 
evaporation in the open than near a wind-break. 
The air, sometimes moist for a period, conduces fun- 
gus, mildew and blight. 
Water newly planted trees during a dry period, or 
shade and sprinkle foliage, if necessary, for a few days. 
Spray grapes and other fruits, cucumbers, muskmel- 
ons with Bordeaux mixture. Favorable for evergreens. 
Absence of continued deep snow causes absence of 
hemlock spruce, and fir from our forests, as the young 
trees have no protection. 
Protect small evergreen seedlings with a light mulch. 
Mulch evergreens, as rhododendrons, laurel, holly, to 
permit sap to come up in winter. Let lower branches 
of evergreens protect the ground and keep out frost. 
Renders out-of-door life in unprotected places un- 
pleasant, and house sites cold and bleak. 
High velocity gives wind great drying powers, and 
whips off foliage. It blows away the fine and most 
fertile portion of the soil. 
A chill penetrating wind, less comfortable than colder 
northwest winds. 
Plant evergreens on the north", northeast and north- 
west, in belts 30 to 100 feet wide or in groves of several 
acres. Plant closely for mutual protection. If space 
is limited or large trees are used, plant a single or dou- 
ble row and shear to produce dense foliage. Plant 
pine, cedar, spruce, fir, hemlock and arborvitae. Plant 
small trees in March, April, May, August and Septem- 
ber. If planted with earth on roots, plant at any time. 
It is not necessary to prepare; the soil for extensive 
plantings. 
