USES. The eastern red cedar, or Virginia juniper, so named because of the color of 

 its wood, is a tree with an elegant and picturesque form. It reaches a height equal to that 

 of the tallest pine trees. In America it's used to make slats, battens, furniture, and 

 wainscoting. Kalm [Translator's note: Pehr Kalm (1716-1779) or Matthias Kalm (1793- 

 1833), Finnish botanists] says that it's the best one for making dugout canoes. They can 

 last for twenty years. 



The fruit of the common juniper is used in many practical ways, Laplanders make 

 a decoction of it as tea. In England they make gin out of it, which is simply a grain 

 liqueur redistilled with juniper berries. A kind of home liqueur made from it is a good 

 stomach tonic. Additionally, the berries are burned to purify the air in sickrooms, but for 

 this purpose, vegetable acids are preferable. In medicine, a tea-like infusion is 

 successfully prescribed to stimulate perspiration and the activity of organs that secrete 

 urine. Rai claims to have cured several patients afflicted with renal colic caused by 

 kidney stones by making them take a daily decoction of juniper berries in wine. In 

 pharmacies an extract prepared from them is an ingredient in several medications. 



CULTIVATION. Junipers are propagated from root suckers, cuttings, and seeds 

 which only come up in the second year. They have to be planted in the shade where it's 

 cool, in compost mixed with sand. 



KEY TO PLATES. 



608. Eastern red cedar. 1. Male flower catkin. 2. Stamens and scale. 3. 

 Fruit. 4. Same, cross-section. 5. Seed. 



609. Phoenician juniper. 1. Male flower catkin. 2. Fruit. 3. Same, opened. 

 4. Section of pit. 5. Seed. 



610. Common juniper. 1. Branch with male flowers. 2. Male catkin. 

 3. Stamens and scale. 4. Cross-section of fruit. 5. Seed. 6. Same, 



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