[109] 



It's an ingredient in many ointments, balms, and salves. Veterinarians mix it into certain 

 beverages administered to horned livestock. It's used by painters as a paint thinner and by 

 varnishers for dissolving resins. 



The wood of this tree is almost entirely cut and sold as lumber. It's used in civil 

 construction and in shipbuilding. According to Varenne-Feuille a cubic foot when it's dry 

 weighs about thirty-four pounds. 



CULTIVATION. Several methods have been suggested for propagating fir trees, 

 which are at once beneficial for their wood, their by-products, and for the picturesque 

 appearance they provide in our parks and plantations. Consult Duhamel, Descemet 

 [Translator's note: possibly Jean Descemet, 1732-1810], and the work of M. 

 Desfontaines on this subject. The most certain method of propagation is to plant their 

 seeds, raise them in pots, and to locate them permanently when they are three years old. 



KEY TO PLATES. 



767. 1. Branch and cone of the Norway spruce. 2. Scale, exterior view. 3. Same, 

 interior view and seeds. 4. Detached seed. 5. Same, transverse section. 



6. Same, transverse [Translator's note: probably longitudinal] section. 



7. Branch of the red fir. 8. Scale, exterior view. 9. Same, interior view. 

 10. Detached seed. 



768. 1. Branch of the black fir. 2. Scale, exterior view. 3. Same, interior view. 

 4. Branch of the hemlock-spruce. 5. Scale, exterior view. 6. Same, interior 

 view. 7. Branch of the silver fir. 8. Scale, exterior view. 9. Same, interior 

 view. 



769. Silver fir. 1. Scale, exterior view 1 . 2. Same, interior view and seeds. 

 3. Detached seed. 



