WESTBURY STATION, 
Climate M^P 
EXPLANATION Of CLIMATE MAP 
Climate map adapted from Meteorology, by Prof. William M. Davis, Harvard. Numbered lines show 
degrees of difference or annual range between average temperatures of January and July. Line of 40° 
goes through Long Island, Corea, Northern Japan, Caucasus, Austria, Southern Alleghanies, Colorado. 
— I — I line of average January temperature of 30° ; where this line crosses 40° or 50° annual range, the 
evergreens are generally hardy on Long Island, as we have proved by numerous tests, and we are growing 
them largely. It means a winter climate, alternately freezing and thawing. The evergreens of western 
Europe and the Pacific coast of North America are largely grown in nurseries but are not reliably hardy. 
Small arrows, cold and warm ocean currents. Large double arrows, prevailing winter wind from 
warm ocean current to coast of England and Oregon, and from dry cold interior to Long Island , Japan 
and coast of Manchuria. We have tested about every tree we could buy from temperate regions. Look 
around Long Island in August, and the European trees are sick ; after a hard winter they are damaged. 
The East Asian species are generally healthy ; therefore we are introducing them largely and encourag- 
ing plant-introduction and plant-breeding by private enterprise and government. 
Long Island is different from the adjacent mainland. It is sand, gravel and hard-pan, with but little 
solid rock or clay. The climate is different — subject to wider extremes. The flora is different, and an 
understanding of the reason is essential to right planting. Millions have been lost for lack of this under- 
standing, and, what is worse, the highest use, comfort and beauty is not attained. 
The glacier brought the hills. In some parts the hills are hard-pan and hold up stagnant ponds ; 
there the flora is more like the adjacent mainland. In other parts the hills are dry and the flora changes. 
The outwash plain was formed by rapid streams from the melting glacier. The finest particles were car- 
ried to sea, leaving a sieve of sand and gravel. On this the flora is more like that of the sandy coastal 
plain of southeastern New Jersey. The majority of stock usually grown in nurseries does not fit these 
dry conditions. Nurseries usually grow trees from damp ground or equable climate, or European trees, 
as ash, elm, Carolina poplar, willow, arborvitse, Norway spruce, Spircsa opulifolia, because they multiply 
cheaply, grow rapidly when young, live when carelessly transplanted with short roots, or small ball, or 
when dried in shipment, and supply the demand for cheap trees that make a good show the first year. 
We grow trees for dry ground from Long Island seed. Long Island has widely varied conditions, as the 
soil survey shows. Moisture conditions change in a few yards. The report of the Commission on Addi- 
tional Water Supply for New York shows that the water table is a controlling factor in tree growth. 
The climate of Long Island is strongly influenced by the ocean. At Southampton there are 16 parts 
of chlorine (salt) per million of fresh water. In the center of the island it is 3, on the north shore 7, at 
Poughkeepsie i. This shows the relative influence of the moist equable ocean winds. Near the sea, Cali- 
fornia privet thrives ; inland, it may winter-kill ; we have a hardy form from Manchuria. Near the sea, 
hemlock fails. We have pines and spruces that like salt air. Many trees from southern seed are tender ; 
from Long Island seed of the same species, they are hardy. Liquidambar, or sweet gum tree, and willow- 
leaf oak from the latitude of Philadelphia winter-kill. It has been customary to use southern seed. We 
have 1,000,000 young trees and plants from the seed of Long Island native or acclimated stock, or from 
regions with climate most like Long Island. Some northern trees do not like our variable winters or hot, 
dry summers. We are preparing a tree map of part of Long Island, based on the above, and other 
principles, and on the "Flora of Hempstead Plains and Vicinity," by Henry Hicks. This will show the 
localities in which various trees fail or thrive, and the reasons. 
By using our stock and this knowledge, you can most nearly attain the following results : The least 
loss from winter-killing, summer drought, insect enemies, fungus, and variable_ climate ; the least ex- 
pense for watering, cultivating and fertilizing ; the greatest per cent of trees living and thriving ; save 
years of waiting ; the greatest height and breadth of thriving large trees, with the greatest amount of 
healthy foliage for a given expense. 
