242 



Mycologia 



organs of rectification, the lichens are to be subordinate to the 

 fungi. The lichens are different from the latter especially by 

 reason of their biological characters. The less evolved fungi 

 are perhaps saprophytes, from which are derived those which are 

 sapro-parasites and finally those which are obligative parasites. 

 The lichens may ( ?) be regarded as fungi which have realized 

 through mutualistic symbiosis a more perfect biological condition 

 as compared with the obligative parasitic fungi in which is illus- 

 trated only an antagonistic symbiosis. Mycologist, Miscellaneous, 

 I, 3* 



Quotation 8 



The lichens being, as is perfectly demonstrated, the result of a 

 symbiosis between an alga and a fungus, must be classified as 

 a special group, related to the Ascomycetes on one side and to the 

 Basidiomycetes on the other. Mycologist, I, j.f 



Quotation p 



Immediately after the appearance of the treatise upon the 

 lichens, by Professor Schwendener, I accepted his opinion, that 

 the algae and the fungi, which constitute the lichens, are quite 

 independent beings and belong to two different classes of organ- 

 isms. But, according to my opinion, the lichens are not a case of 

 parasitism as Professor Schwendener affirms ; I look upon them as 

 the first example, known to science, of the evolution of a higher 

 organism on account of the union (the symbiosis) of two more 

 simple organisms. I even suppose (but this still remains to be 



* Je pense que les lichenes ne peuvent pas constituer une classe distincte 

 de cryptogames, mais que en considerations des caracteres de l'appareil de la 

 fructification les lichenes sont a subordonner aux champignons. De ces 

 derniers les lichenes sont differents praecipue pour des caracteres biologiques. 

 Les champignons moins evolves sont (peut-etre?) des saprophytes, desquels 

 sont derives ceux qui sont saproparasites et ensuite les parasites obliges. Les 

 lichenes peuvent ( ?) etre regardes comme des champignons qui ont realises 

 avec la symbiose mutualistique une condition biologique plus parfaite en com- 

 paraison des champignons parasites obliges ou s'explique seulement une 

 symbiose antagonistique. 



t Les Lichens etant, comme il est parfaitement demontre, le resultat d'une 

 symbiose entre une algue et un champignon, doivent etre classifies dans un 

 " groupe special " annexe aux Ascomycetes d'une cote et aux Basidiomycetes de 

 l'autre cote. 



