Fink: Nature and Classification of Lichens 267 



botanists favor maintaining lichens because a natural group, and 

 17 favor distributing lichens because not a natural group. 



11. Botanists have plainly favored maintaining the group 

 Lichenes, even as a natural group, but about as much for the 

 sake of convenience in study. 



12. There has been a considerable growth of opinion in favor 

 of the distribution of lichens. This change of opinion has oc- 

 curred since the announcement of Schwendener's views in 1868, 

 and probably most of it very recently. Lichens have been dis- 

 tributed in writings by Bessey and Clements and in Nebraska and 

 California lists of lichens, but without statement of reason for 

 such distribution. The first careful arguments published in favor 

 of distributing lichens appear in this paper. 



The writer wishes to thank the botanists whose names appear 

 below for replying to the circular letter. 



Arthur, J. C, Mycologist, Pathologist, 

 Indiana. 



Atkinson, Geo. F., Mycologist, Mor- 

 phologist, New York. 



Banker, Howard J.. Mycologist, Indi- 

 ana. 



Barnes, C. R., Physiologist, Illinois. 

 Baur, Erwin, Morphologist, Germany. 

 Bennett, A., Systematist, England. 

 Bessey, C. E., Morphologist, Nebraska. 

 Bitter, Georg. Lichenist, Germany. 

 Blackman, V. H., Mycologist, England. 

 Bower, F. O., Morphologist, Scotland. 

 Bresadola, G., Mycologist. Austria. 

 Britton, N. L., Systematist, New York. 

 Brooks, F. T., Mycologist, England. 

 Burrill, T. J., Mycologist, Pathologist, 

 Illinois. 



Burt, E. A., Mycologist, Vermont. 

 Calkins, W. W., Lichenist. Illinois. 

 Campbell, D. H., Morphologist, Cali- 

 fornia. 



Chamberlain, Chas. J., Morphologist, 

 Illinois. 



Cheel, Edwin, Lichenist, Australia. 

 Chodat, R., Miscellaneous, Switzer- 

 land. 



Clements, Frederic E., Ecologist, My- 

 cologist. Minnesota. 



Clinton, G. P., Mycologist, Pathologist, 

 Connecticut. 



Conard, jrf. S., Morphologist, Iowa. 



Coulter, John M., Morphologist, Illi- 

 nois. 



Coville, Frederick V., Systematist, 

 Washington, D. C. 



Curtis, C. C, Morphologist, Physiol- 

 ogist, New York. 



Dangeard, P. A., Morphologist, 

 France. 



Darbishire, Otto V., Cryptogamist, 

 Lichenist (?), England. 



Davis, B. M., Cryptogamist, Morphol- 

 ogist, Massachusetts. 



Durand, E. J., Mycologist, Missouri. 



Earle, F. S., Mycologist, Pathologist, 

 Cuba. 



Elenkin, A., Lichenist, Russia. 



Engler, A., Morphologist, Germany. 



Evans, Alexander W., Bryologist, 

 Connecticut. 



Famintzyn, A. S., Physiologist, Russia. 



Farlow, W. G., Mycologist. Pathol- 

 ogist, Massachusetts. 



Farmer, J. B., Morphologist, England. 



Fischer, Ed., Mycologist, Switzerland. 



Freeman, E. M., Mycologist, Pathol- 

 ogist, Minnesota. 



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