CHAP. I. AS COMPONENT PARTS OF GENERAL SCENERY. 195 



may be produced, by the receding or advancing of the terininations of the 

 branches ; by the forms of these terminations; by the manner in which they are 

 clustered together ; and by their being open or compact, regnlar or irregular, 

 densely clothed with foliage, or only loosely covered. 



Light and shade. The form of a tree or shrub is generally indicated by its 

 outline against the sky ; but that outline does not convey such a correct idea 

 of the form as where the space enclosed by it exhibits both light and shade, 

 v^'hich alone can give it the appearance of substance. 



The capacities of different trees for receiving light vary according to the 

 density of the masses of foliage. A compact round-headed tree, like the Mor- 

 bus J'ria, will receive and reflect the light in one large mass ; a tree or shrub, 

 the general form of which is composed of numerous smaller masses, more or less 

 separated from each other, will reflect the light in smaller masses ; and a thin 

 tree, which, in many parts, may be seen through, will not reflect the light from 

 any part in a conspicuous manner. In proportion as the light is reflected from 

 one side of a tree, the other side will appear dark ; and a tree or shrub thinly 

 clothed with foliage will appear to be equally in light and shade throughout. 

 Most light and graceful trees are of this description ; but the want of the beauty 

 produced by light and shade is compensated by the wavy direction of the stem, 

 which gives the idea of gentle motion, and by the variety and intricacy of the 

 tuftings, outline, and disposition of the smaller branches, spi-ay, and leaves. 



The colours of trees and shrubs vary, not only according to the kinds, but ac- 

 cording to the season of the year, the climate, soil, situation, age, and other 

 circumstances. In general, the colours of spring, M'hen the tree is leafing, are 

 more fixed and determinate than those of autumn, when it is losing its leaves ; 

 because, in the former case, it depends chiefly on the nature of the tree, while 

 in the latter it is materially affected by the weather, and also by the soil. The 

 birch, the leaves of which, in most soils, in a wet autumn, will die off' of a yel- 

 low colour, in a dry autumn will assume a deep red; and, on a peat bog, birch 

 leaves genei-ally die off of a pale yellow, while on a granitic soil they generally 

 assume'a bright red or purple. On the side of the tree next the sun, the leaves 

 of all trees are of a brighter colour than on the shady side. Those trees and 

 shrubs which vary least in colour, whether in summer or autumn, are the ever- 

 greens ; and those which vary most are the oaks, the acers, and the thorns. 



The trunks of trees vary as much as tfieir heads ; not only naturallv, according 

 to the kind of tree, but accidentally, according to the circumstances in which 

 it has been placed by nature, or by the hand of man. In general, a detached 

 tree exhibits a trunk clothed with branches from the ground upwards; but 

 trees grown in masses generally exhibit naked trunks to a considerable height. 

 In some species, as in the pine and fir tribe, the length of naked trunk is 

 ?reat, in proportion to the size of the head ; in others, as in the oak and 



