THE ETHWOtOGT OF KA1TEKX ASIA. 



0 



zygoma, Hit this must be accompanied by a short and rapidly 

 ascending jaw, bo as to bring the chin, tlie angle of the jaw and 

 the cheek hone into one curve which passess uninterruptedly into 

 that of the temples. Where the jaw is longer and more horizontal 

 a square head is produced. The finely rounded form of the oblong, 

 or proper oval, is rarely found, although approximations^ it are 

 frequent in many tribes. All these forms arc probably exhibited 

 \yy ererp Turanian race, but in each, one will be found to predomi- 

 nate. In the N, E. and Middle Turanian the lozenge shape pre- 

 vails, and most of the features are generally much harsher and more 

 prominent than in the 8. E. Turanian. The northern Tangusian 

 physiognomy is the broadest and flattest of all, and the form 

 Decomes still more exaggerated in the extreme northern races of 

 Asia and America the latter of which (the Esquimaux) have the 

 greatest lateral prominence of the cheek bones of all races. 



The M. Turanian is intermediate between the N. E. and the 

 8. E. In the latter the oblong and ovoid prevail, the zygoma 

 are less projecting, end the face much less lozenge shaped and 

 more rounded, hut the degrees of the Turanian characteristics vary 

 greatly even in the same race and harsh features are found in many 

 of them, just as amongst the Mongolians softened and rounded 

 varieties are frequently seen. Amongst the Chinese and Japanese 

 the oblong form prevails, and amongst the Tibetans, Indo-Tibetans, 

 Anamcse and many of the Indonesian races, the ovoid. The most 

 striking peculiarity in the Chinese is thesmallness of the eye and the 

 oblique position of the eyelids, which makes the eye appear to 

 he half veiled and much inclined. The opening between the eye 

 lids is often very narrow, and the tumid eye, instead of opening 

 boldly, peeps out with a half cunning, half timid, or dull and wholly 

 inexpressive, character, from behind the heavy and down-hanging 

 upper ltd. The cheek bones are prominent, but in general much 

 less so than in the Mongolian, and in the elongated heads the 

 prominence is anterior rather than lateral, as is the case with the 

 American Indians, and some of the Tangusian tribes. The nose 

 is in general small and depressed, the ala? diverging and often bo 

 much rounded and thrown out as to make the nostrils circular and 

 quite open or exposed. But besides this flat Mongolian nose, a small 

 nquilir.e or long and slightly arched nose occurs frequently, giving 

 the face a most striking resemblance to the prevailing American 

 Indian and New Zealander type, which also characterises some 

 of the S. Indonesian tribes to whom the latter are allied. The 

 Tibetan and the harsher Indo-Tibetan head bears a close resem- 

 blance to the Chinese, but is distinguished by its obtusely ovoid 

 form, the dislance between the eyes, their somewhat greater size 

 aud^ aperture, the slightness or absence of their obliquity, and the 

 projection of the mouth and its osseous basis in the side view. 

 The first characteristic appears to be also very common and ne- 

 compained by a greater lateral expansion of the forehead in the 



