﻿ABT\i9 
  CONCERNING 
  BIRDS 
  ' 
  TONGUES 
  GARDNER 
  15 
  

  

  Within 
  the 
  family 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  reliable 
  basis 
  for 
  separation 
  on 
  

   tongue 
  form 
  alone. 
  The 
  mergansers 
  are 
  recognizable 
  as 
  a 
  separate 
  

   group, 
  as 
  are 
  the 
  heavy 
  tearing 
  tongues 
  of 
  the 
  geese 
  and 
  swans, 
  and 
  

   roughly 
  the 
  Fuligulinae 
  may 
  be 
  distinguished 
  from 
  the 
  Anatinae 
  

   by 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  lateral 
  " 
  teeth." 
  But 
  with 
  the 
  exception 
  of 
  certain 
  

   very 
  odd 
  types 
  that 
  mark 
  special 
  genera, 
  as 
  Ghloephaga 
  and 
  Cere- 
  

   opsis, 
  or 
  a 
  characteristic 
  wide 
  tongue 
  as 
  in 
  Spatula, 
  there 
  is 
  often 
  

   doubt 
  as 
  to 
  what 
  genus 
  and 
  subfamily 
  a 
  single 
  specimen 
  should 
  be 
  

   referred. 
  

  

  Order 
  FALCONIFORMES 
  

  

  In 
  this 
  group 
  the 
  tongue 
  is 
  a 
  heavy 
  rasping 
  organ. 
  The 
  Cathar- 
  

   tidae 
  and 
  the 
  Vulturidae 
  have 
  a 
  deeply 
  curled 
  organ, 
  trough-shaped, 
  

   with 
  the 
  upcurled 
  margins 
  armed 
  with 
  strong 
  rasping 
  spines. 
  These 
  

   range 
  in 
  size 
  from 
  the 
  relatively 
  small 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  buzzard, 
  Cathartes 
  

   aura 
  septentrionalis 
  (fig. 
  38), 
  to 
  the 
  large 
  powerful 
  object 
  of 
  the 
  

   condor, 
  Sarcoramphus 
  gryphus 
  and 
  Gyps 
  fulvus, 
  with 
  extreme 
  uni- 
  

   formity 
  of 
  pattern. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  hawks 
  the 
  posterior 
  border 
  of 
  the 
  tongue 
  may 
  consist 
  of 
  

   one 
  row 
  of 
  spines 
  or 
  of 
  many, 
  and 
  on 
  this 
  character 
  they 
  may 
  be 
  

   divided 
  into 
  two 
  natural 
  groups; 
  that 
  is, 
  the 
  Buteonidae, 
  with 
  a 
  

   single 
  row, 
  and 
  Falconidae, 
  with 
  many 
  spines 
  distributed 
  over 
  the 
  

   basal 
  portion, 
  as 
  was 
  first 
  suggested 
  by 
  Beddard. 
  9 
  

  

  Among 
  the 
  Buteonidae 
  the 
  following 
  genera 
  have 
  been 
  found 
  to 
  

   present 
  but 
  a 
  single 
  row 
  of 
  spines 
  posteriorly 
  : 
  

  

  Milvus. 
  

  

  Circus 
  {Jiudsonius, 
  fig. 
  40). 
  

  

  Leucopternis. 
  

  

  Spizaetus. 
  

  

  Archibuteo. 
  

  

  Dryotriorchis. 
  

  

  Morphnus. 
  

  

  Asturina. 
  

  

  Urubitinga. 
  

  

  Gypohierax. 
  

  

  Accipiter 
  (cooperi, 
  fig. 
  43). 
  

  

  Astur. 
  

  

  Elanus. 
  

  

  Vrospiza 
  fasciata. 
  

  

  Ictinia. 
  

  

  Rupornis. 
  

  

  Buteo. 
  

  

  B. 
  Uneattis 
  elegans 
  (fig. 
  12). 
  

  

  B. 
  borealis 
  calurus 
  (fig. 
  37). 
  

  

  B. 
  albicaudatus 
  (fig. 
  42). 
  

  

  Pandion 
  haliaetus 
  has 
  a 
  single 
  row, 
  but 
  occupies 
  a 
  family 
  of 
  

   itself. 
  

  

  The 
  following 
  Falconidae 
  have 
  been 
  found 
  to 
  have 
  many 
  spines 
  

   distributed 
  over 
  the 
  posterior 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  tongue 
  : 
  

  

  Tinnunculus 
  alaudarius. 
  

  

  Milvago 
  chimango. 
  

  

  Hieracidea 
  berigora. 
  

  

  Polyborus 
  (plancus, 
  fig. 
  41). 
  

  

  Falco. 
  

  

  F. 
  sparverius 
  phalaena 
  (fig. 
  39). 
  

  

  9 
  Beddard, 
  F. 
  E. 
  On 
  the 
  Modifications 
  of 
  Structure 
  in 
  the 
  Syrinx 
  of 
  the 
  Accipitres, 
  

   with 
  Remarks 
  Upon 
  Other 
  Points 
  in 
  the 
  Anatomy 
  of 
  That 
  Group. 
  Proc. 
  Zool. 
  Soc. 
  Lon- 
  

   don, 
  1903, 
  vol. 
  2, 
  pp. 
  157-163. 
  

  

  