﻿art., 
  19 
  CONCERNING 
  BIRDS 
  ' 
  TONGUES 
  GARDNER 
  19 
  

  

  indented 
  while 
  the 
  whole 
  organ 
  is 
  quite 
  rudimentary. 
  There 
  is 
  no 
  

   suggestion 
  of 
  affinity 
  between 
  these 
  forms 
  and 
  the 
  motmots. 
  

  

  The 
  hornbills 
  (Bucerotidae) 
  also 
  have 
  rudimentary 
  tongues, 
  al- 
  

   though 
  they 
  are 
  not 
  without 
  form. 
  Thus 
  in 
  Lophoeeros 
  nielarwl-eucus 
  

   (fig. 
  84) 
  it 
  is 
  flat, 
  slender, 
  and 
  square 
  tipped, 
  while 
  in 
  the 
  huge 
  billed 
  

   Hydrocorax 
  mindanensis 
  it 
  is 
  rather 
  triangular, 
  fleshy 
  and 
  supplied 
  

   Avith 
  a 
  few 
  small 
  spines, 
  and 
  this 
  is 
  true 
  also 
  for 
  Dichoceros 
  bi- 
  

   comis. 
  

  

  Upupidae: 
  The 
  hoopoes 
  have 
  exceptionally 
  small 
  rudimentary 
  

   tongues 
  which 
  are 
  reduced 
  to 
  a 
  mere 
  triangle 
  of 
  flesh 
  without 
  form 
  

   or 
  function. 
  

  

  Such 
  a 
  review 
  shows 
  that 
  a 
  wide 
  range 
  of 
  variation 
  is 
  seen 
  in 
  the 
  

   suborder 
  Coraciae, 
  with 
  few 
  indications 
  of 
  affinity 
  shown 
  and 
  in 
  

   many 
  forms 
  a 
  rudimentary 
  structure 
  through 
  loss 
  of 
  function. 
  

  

  The 
  suborder 
  Striges 
  have 
  tongues 
  very 
  closely 
  resembling 
  those 
  

   of 
  hawks, 
  a 
  suggestion 
  of 
  affinity 
  that 
  is 
  misleading. 
  

  

  They 
  are 
  horny 
  tipped 
  and 
  well 
  beset 
  with 
  papillae, 
  while 
  mucous 
  

   gland 
  pores 
  are 
  abundant, 
  an 
  appearance 
  much 
  like 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  

   Falconidae 
  and 
  due 
  either 
  to 
  convergent 
  evolution 
  or 
  to 
  the 
  rap- 
  

   torial 
  diet. 
  There 
  is 
  usually 
  a 
  certain 
  degree 
  of 
  curling 
  and 
  the 
  tip 
  

   is 
  often 
  somewhat 
  incised. 
  As 
  examples 
  are 
  shown 
  Tyto 
  pra.tincola 
  

   (fig. 
  78), 
  Speotyto 
  cunicularia 
  hypugaea 
  (fig. 
  76), 
  Otus 
  asio 
  bendi/ei 
  

   (fig. 
  79), 
  Spiloglmix 
  novae 
  zealandiae 
  (fig. 
  80), 
  and 
  Asio 
  wil 
  soman 
  us 
  

   (fig. 
  77). 
  The 
  hawk 
  owl 
  (Surnia 
  ulula, 
  fig. 
  44) 
  has 
  but 
  one 
  row 
  of 
  

   spines 
  posteriorly, 
  the 
  reason 
  for 
  which 
  is 
  not 
  apparent. 
  The 
  horned 
  

   owl 
  (Bubo 
  virginianus) 
  has 
  a 
  broad, 
  flat 
  tongue 
  well 
  covered 
  with 
  

   spines. 
  

  

  Suborder 
  Caprimulgi 
  

  

  In 
  this 
  group, 
  Wetmore 
  10 
  finds 
  four 
  main 
  types 
  of 
  tongues. 
  First 
  

   that 
  of 
  Nyctibius, 
  which 
  he 
  describes 
  as 
  " 
  small 
  in 
  proportion 
  to 
  the 
  

   mouth 
  cavity 
  as 
  in 
  other 
  Caprimulgi. 
  In 
  form 
  it 
  differs 
  consider- 
  

   ably 
  from 
  the 
  tongues 
  of 
  related 
  genera. 
  The 
  tip 
  of 
  the 
  tongue 
  in 
  

   Nyctibius 
  is 
  somewhat 
  elongate, 
  with 
  the 
  lateral 
  outlines 
  at 
  first 
  

   concave. 
  The 
  postero-lateral 
  margins 
  are 
  produced 
  as 
  elongate 
  

   points 
  that 
  equal 
  the 
  anterior 
  portion 
  in 
  length. 
  The 
  outline 
  of 
  the 
  

   lateral 
  margin 
  of 
  these 
  is 
  convex. 
  In 
  general 
  the 
  form 
  of 
  the 
  tongue 
  

   is 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  head 
  of 
  a 
  spear 
  point, 
  with 
  a 
  deeply 
  incised 
  base, 
  

   spreading 
  posterior 
  angles, 
  and 
  slender 
  point." 
  He 
  finds 
  the 
  lateral 
  

   margin 
  supplied 
  with 
  spines 
  and 
  a 
  few 
  minute 
  spines 
  on 
  the 
  upper 
  

   surface. 
  

  

  Podargus 
  is 
  described 
  as 
  having 
  an 
  elongate 
  tongue, 
  being 
  " 
  much 
  

   larger 
  in 
  proportion 
  to 
  the 
  size 
  of 
  the 
  mouth 
  cavity 
  than 
  in 
  other 
  

  

  10 
  Wetmore, 
  A. 
  On 
  the 
  Anatomy 
  of 
  Nyctibius, 
  with 
  Notes 
  on 
  Allied 
  Birds. 
  Troe. 
  

   U. 
  S. 
  Nat. 
  Mus., 
  vol. 
  54, 
  pp. 
  577-586, 
  1918. 
  

  

  