﻿art. 
  19 
  CONCERNING 
  BIRDS' 
  TONGUES 
  — 
  GARDNER 
  25 
  

  

  seen 
  in 
  the 
  nuthatches. 
  The 
  tract 
  between 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  tongue 
  

   and 
  the 
  glottis 
  has 
  many 
  pores 
  of 
  mucous 
  glands. 
  

  

  Swallows 
  have 
  a 
  simple 
  flat 
  tongue 
  somewhat 
  split 
  at 
  the 
  tip, 
  as 
  

   illustrated 
  by 
  Petrochelidon 
  hmifrons 
  (fig. 
  115), 
  and 
  very 
  similar 
  

   in 
  appearance 
  to 
  Collocalia 
  (fig. 
  85, 
  after 
  Lucas). 
  

  

  The 
  ''cuckoo-shrikes'' 
  (Campephagidae) 
  have 
  tongues 
  of 
  the 
  

   standard 
  pattern, 
  with 
  perhaps 
  more 
  fraying 
  than 
  usual. 
  At 
  least 
  

   this 
  is 
  true 
  of 
  P&ricrocotus 
  exsul 
  and 
  Malindangia 
  macgregori. 
  

   Lalage 
  niger 
  shows 
  very 
  fine 
  lateral 
  fraying, 
  while 
  Graucalus 
  has 
  

   much 
  the 
  same 
  appearence, 
  the 
  tongue, 
  however, 
  not 
  matching 
  in 
  

   size 
  the 
  large 
  bill. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  drongos 
  (Dicruridae) 
  this 
  fraying 
  becomes 
  in 
  some 
  forms 
  

   very 
  elaborate. 
  Thus, 
  in 
  GMbia 
  Tiottentotta, 
  the 
  tongue 
  is 
  deeply 
  

   split 
  and 
  the 
  sides 
  are 
  incised, 
  forming 
  long, 
  delicate, 
  forward- 
  

   pointing 
  hairlike 
  fringes, 
  the 
  delicate 
  strands 
  of 
  which 
  are 
  very 
  

   uniform 
  in 
  size 
  and 
  length. 
  This 
  is 
  only 
  slightly 
  less 
  marked 
  in 
  

   Dicrurus 
  longicaudatus 
  while 
  in 
  Bhringa 
  remifer 
  the 
  processes 
  are 
  

   very 
  short 
  and 
  delicate. 
  Dissemurus 
  paradiseus 
  is 
  much 
  the 
  same, 
  

   while 
  Bhuchanga 
  Tonga 
  has 
  considerably 
  less 
  fraying. 
  

  

  Some 
  of 
  the 
  Bombycillidae 
  have 
  simple 
  flat 
  tongues 
  (Bombycilla), 
  

   in 
  appearence 
  much 
  like 
  those 
  of 
  swallows, 
  while 
  Dulus 
  dominicus 
  

   (fig. 
  117) 
  has 
  a 
  much 
  curled 
  tip, 
  which 
  is 
  frayed. 
  

  

  The 
  shrikes 
  are 
  an 
  ill-defined 
  group, 
  Laniidae. 
  There 
  is 
  little 
  

   characteristic 
  about 
  the 
  tongue. 
  That 
  of 
  Strepera 
  graculina 
  is 
  il- 
  

   lustrated 
  in 
  figure 
  133, 
  while 
  Lanius 
  ludovicianus 
  gambelii 
  is 
  illus- 
  

   trated 
  in 
  figure 
  114. 
  

  

  The 
  vireos 
  have 
  simple 
  flat 
  tongues, 
  as 
  represented 
  in 
  figure 
  11!». 
  

   Yiico. 
  species 
  from 
  Tortuga 
  Island. 
  Lawrencia 
  nana 
  (fig. 
  118), 
  and 
  

   by 
  figure 
  120, 
  Vireo 
  belli 
  pusillus. 
  

  

  The 
  Sittidae 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  the 
  Paridae 
  have 
  impaling 
  organs 
  through 
  

   the 
  ends 
  of 
  which 
  the 
  cartilaginous 
  tips 
  of 
  the 
  cer.atob.yals 
  often 
  

   project. 
  This 
  is 
  illustrated 
  in 
  figure 
  121, 
  Sitta 
  carolinesis 
  aculeata, 
  

   and 
  figure 
  122, 
  Sitta 
  pygmaea. 
  The 
  titmice 
  and 
  chickadees 
  have 
  

   four-pronged 
  tongues. 
  See 
  figure 
  124, 
  Baeolophus 
  inornatus, 
  and 
  

   figure 
  123, 
  Penthestes 
  gambeli 
  baileyae. 
  

  

  The 
  verdin, 
  Auriparus 
  flaviceps 
  (fig. 
  12G), 
  and 
  the 
  bush-tit. 
  

   PsaltHparus 
  minimus 
  calif 
  ornicus 
  (fig. 
  125), 
  have 
  very 
  irregular 
  

   lacerated 
  tips, 
  while 
  Certhia 
  familiaris 
  zelotes 
  (fig. 
  113) 
  is 
  not 
  far 
  

   removed. 
  

  

  The 
  Corvidae 
  have 
  a 
  tongue 
  the 
  anterior 
  third 
  of 
  which 
  is 
  com- 
  

   posed 
  of 
  thin, 
  translucent, 
  horny 
  tissue 
  which 
  is 
  often 
  rather 
  deeply 
  

   incised 
  and 
  is 
  whipped 
  out. 
  The 
  main 
  postero-lateral 
  spines 
  are 
  

   bifid 
  or 
  double, 
  while 
  over 
  the 
  surface 
  around 
  this 
  region 
  there 
  are 
  

   many 
  small 
  papillosities. 
  As 
  examples 
  are 
  Aphelocoma 
  calif 
  ornica 
  

   (fig. 
  128), 
  Cyanocitta 
  stelleri 
  frontalis 
  (fig. 
  130). 
  Nucifraga 
  colum- 
  

  

  43316—25 
  4 
  

  

  