﻿art. 
  19 
  CONCERNING 
  BIRDS' 
  TONGUES 
  GARDNER 
  27 
  

  

  Gyanomitra 
  vertiealis 
  lias 
  a 
  long 
  slender 
  tongue, 
  longer 
  than 
  the 
  

   bill, 
  completely 
  tubular, 
  and 
  .somewhat 
  forked, 
  and 
  this 
  is 
  true 
  also 
  

   for 
  Chalcomitra 
  fuliginosa 
  and 
  Aethopyga 
  boltoni. 
  In 
  Anthreptes 
  

   fraseri, 
  malaccensis, 
  and 
  wiglesicorthi, 
  the 
  bifurcation 
  is 
  more 
  

   marked 
  than 
  in 
  any 
  of 
  the 
  others, 
  so 
  that 
  practically 
  a 
  double 
  

   tongue 
  is 
  formed. 
  

  

  On 
  the 
  other 
  hand 
  the 
  tongue 
  of 
  Clialcoparia 
  phoenicotis 
  (fig. 
  139) 
  

   is 
  not 
  at 
  all 
  like 
  the 
  above, 
  and 
  this 
  fact 
  together 
  with 
  other 
  evi- 
  

   dence 
  has 
  led 
  Oates 
  15 
  to 
  separate 
  this 
  species 
  from 
  the 
  family. 
  In 
  

   view 
  of 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  there 
  is 
  such 
  a 
  regularity 
  of 
  tongue 
  form 
  in 
  

   this 
  family 
  the 
  divergence 
  from 
  it 
  as 
  seen 
  in 
  Ghalcoparia 
  may 
  well 
  

   have 
  the 
  significance 
  that 
  Oates 
  gives 
  it. 
  

  

  The 
  Drepanididae 
  typically 
  have 
  tubular 
  tongues. 
  These 
  are 
  

   formed 
  as 
  are 
  all 
  tubular 
  ones 
  by 
  an 
  upcurling 
  of 
  the 
  margins 
  of 
  

   the 
  horny 
  anterior 
  part 
  which 
  constitutes 
  the 
  major 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  

   tongue 
  in 
  these 
  birds. 
  The 
  edges 
  of 
  the 
  dorsally 
  rolled 
  sides 
  meet 
  in 
  

   the 
  midline 
  and 
  finally 
  overlap. 
  As 
  the 
  tip 
  is 
  approached 
  the 
  edges 
  

   become 
  broken 
  up 
  and 
  split, 
  forming 
  delicate 
  laciniae. 
  At 
  first 
  one 
  

   side 
  completely 
  overlaps 
  the 
  other 
  but 
  as 
  these 
  fimbriations 
  become 
  

   more 
  prominent 
  they 
  interlace 
  in 
  a 
  complex 
  manner 
  finally 
  forming 
  

   at 
  the 
  tip 
  a 
  whipped-out 
  brush. 
  

  

  This 
  is 
  the 
  fully 
  developed 
  tongue 
  and 
  is 
  well 
  illustrated 
  in 
  the 
  

   long-billed 
  Hemignathus 
  procerus 
  (fig. 
  19). 
  This 
  same 
  appearance 
  

   is 
  seen 
  also 
  in 
  Vestiaria 
  coccinea, 
  Glxlorodrepanis, 
  and 
  Himatione 
  

   sanguined, 
  all 
  of 
  these, 
  however, 
  being 
  shorter 
  than 
  the 
  above. 
  In 
  

   Heterorhynchus 
  wilsoni 
  it 
  is 
  completely 
  tubular 
  only 
  in 
  the 
  anterior 
  

   third 
  and 
  is 
  bifurcated. 
  

  

  Loxioides 
  bailleui, 
  which 
  Doctor 
  Gadow 
  16 
  first 
  classed 
  among 
  the 
  

   Fringillidae, 
  is 
  described 
  by 
  him 
  as 
  follows. 
  The 
  tongue 
  is 
  

  

  Thick 
  and 
  fleshy, 
  much 
  shorter 
  than 
  the 
  bill, 
  very 
  slightly 
  protractile, 
  

   tip 
  rounded 
  off 
  and 
  ending- 
  in 
  a 
  neat 
  horny 
  scoop, 
  which 
  is 
  formed 
  by 
  the 
  

   lower 
  horny 
  covering 
  of 
  the 
  tongue 
  projecting 
  a 
  little 
  ; 
  the 
  brim 
  of 
  this 
  scoop 
  

   is 
  slightly 
  frayed 
  out, 
  as 
  is 
  the 
  case 
  in 
  many 
  Fringillidae. 
  

  

  Oreomyza 
  {Oreomystis) 
  bairdi 
  he 
  describes 
  as: 
  

  

  A 
  little 
  shorter 
  than 
  the 
  bill, 
  thin 
  and 
  horny 
  but 
  at 
  first 
  sight 
  apparently 
  

   different 
  from 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  Drepanid'dae. 
  However, 
  the 
  lateral 
  horny 
  margins 
  

   are 
  raised 
  up 
  dorsally 
  and 
  frayed 
  out. 
  The 
  distal 
  fourth 
  of 
  the 
  tongue 
  is 
  

   slightly 
  split 
  into 
  a 
  right 
  and 
  left 
  half 
  but 
  far 
  less 
  than 
  in 
  Coereba. 
  This 
  

   broader, 
  shorter, 
  and 
  decidedly 
  less 
  tubular 
  tongue 
  is 
  in 
  conformity 
  with 
  the 
  

   slightly 
  broader 
  bill. 
  

  

  Loxops 
  coccinea 
  he 
  describes 
  as 
  " 
  short, 
  in 
  conformity 
  with 
  the 
  

   bill, 
  but 
  ending 
  in 
  a 
  frayed-out 
  single 
  brush, 
  which, 
  like 
  the 
  whole 
  

  

  15 
  Fauna 
  of 
  British 
  India. 
  K. 
  W. 
  Oates. 
  Birds, 
  vol. 
  2, 
  p. 
  372. 
  

  

  16 
  Gadow, 
  II. 
  Structures 
  of 
  Certain 
  Hawaiian 
  Birds. 
  The 
  Birds 
  of 
  the 
  Sandwich 
  

   Islands, 
  Wilson 
  and 
  Brans, 
  London, 
  1890-99. 
  pp. 
  219-241. 
  

  

  