﻿aet,19 
  CONCERNING 
  BIRDS' 
  TONGUES 
  GARDNER 
  29 
  

  

  The 
  appearance 
  is 
  illustrated 
  by 
  Myzomela 
  rubratra 
  (fig. 
  6), 
  and 
  

   the 
  same 
  appearance 
  is 
  seen 
  in 
  M. 
  nigriventris 
  and 
  M. 
  sanguinolenta. 
  

   Whether 
  the 
  bird 
  and 
  tongue 
  be 
  a 
  large 
  one, 
  as 
  Tropidorhynchus 
  

   and 
  Microphilemon, 
  or 
  of 
  moderate 
  size, 
  as 
  Meliphaga 
  (Ptilotis) 
  

   carunculata, 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  surprising 
  conformity 
  to 
  the 
  pattern 
  de- 
  

   scribed. 
  This 
  same 
  long 
  quadruple 
  tongue 
  is 
  present 
  also 
  in 
  Meli- 
  

   ornis 
  australasiana, 
  Acanthorhynchus 
  tenuirostris, 
  Myzantha 
  gar- 
  

   rula, 
  and 
  Acrulocercus 
  braccatus. 
  

  

  So 
  far 
  as 
  is 
  known 
  this 
  extraordinary 
  quadruple 
  brushy 
  tongue 
  

   is 
  limited 
  to 
  and 
  characteristic 
  of 
  this 
  family. 
  It 
  is 
  an 
  interesting 
  

   fact 
  that 
  the 
  formation 
  of 
  the 
  multiple 
  tubular 
  and 
  brushed 
  tongues 
  

   of 
  these 
  several 
  families 
  of 
  flower-frequenting 
  birds 
  follows 
  different 
  

   lines 
  of 
  development 
  using 
  one 
  or 
  more 
  of 
  the 
  fundamental 
  tendencies 
  

   of 
  the 
  type 
  tongue 
  to 
  curl, 
  split, 
  and 
  fray. 
  Thus, 
  as 
  has 
  been 
  demon- 
  

   strated, 
  the 
  Nectariniidae 
  have 
  almost 
  purely 
  tubular 
  tongues, 
  the 
  

   Drepanididae 
  tubular 
  tongues 
  with 
  frayed 
  margins, 
  the 
  Coerebidae 
  

   combine 
  curling, 
  splitting, 
  and 
  fraying, 
  to 
  form 
  double 
  tubes, 
  while 
  

   the 
  Meliphagidae 
  carry 
  this 
  to 
  the 
  degree 
  that 
  four 
  curled 
  brushy 
  

   tips 
  are 
  formed. 
  

  

  Among 
  the 
  Mniotiltidae 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  rather 
  wide 
  range 
  of 
  variation. 
  

   As 
  is 
  the 
  case 
  with 
  the 
  type 
  pattern 
  these 
  are 
  tipped 
  with 
  horny 
  thin 
  

   translucent 
  tissue 
  which 
  may 
  form 
  nearly 
  one-half 
  of 
  the 
  organ 
  

   (see 
  fig. 
  142, 
  Dendroica 
  dominica) 
  or 
  may 
  be 
  absent, 
  which 
  was 
  the 
  

   case 
  in 
  a 
  second 
  specimen 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  species 
  and 
  is 
  also 
  illustrated 
  

   by 
  Vermivora 
  celata 
  lutescens 
  (fig. 
  143) 
  and 
  Dendroica 
  petechia 
  

   gundlachi 
  (fig. 
  144). 
  The 
  tongue 
  may 
  be 
  a 
  thin, 
  flat 
  structure 
  as 
  in 
  

   Catharopeza 
  bishopi 
  (fig. 
  145), 
  Dendroica 
  occidentalis 
  (fig. 
  146), 
  

   and 
  Dendroica 
  palmarum 
  (fig. 
  147), 
  or 
  curled 
  at 
  the 
  tip 
  as 
  in 
  Grana- 
  

   tellus 
  francescae 
  (fig. 
  148), 
  by 
  upcurling 
  of 
  the 
  fraying 
  margins 
  a 
  

   process 
  which 
  is 
  carried 
  to 
  its 
  greatest 
  extreme 
  in 
  this 
  family 
  by 
  

   Dendroica 
  tigrlna 
  (fig. 
  2). 
  There 
  may 
  be 
  rather 
  marked 
  differences 
  

   in 
  shape 
  as 
  is 
  evidenced 
  by 
  a 
  tongue 
  of 
  Wilsonia 
  canadensis 
  (fig. 
  

   149), 
  which 
  is 
  very 
  broad 
  at 
  the 
  middle, 
  while 
  others 
  from 
  the 
  same 
  

   species 
  showed 
  this 
  to 
  a 
  lesser 
  degree 
  or 
  not 
  at 
  all. 
  Certhidea 
  sdlvini 
  

   (fig. 
  150) 
  has 
  a 
  rather 
  thick 
  fleshy 
  tongue, 
  grooved 
  shallowly 
  and 
  

   rather 
  suggestive 
  of 
  the 
  fringilline 
  type. 
  

  

  There 
  is 
  thus 
  in 
  this 
  group 
  considerable 
  variation 
  even 
  in 
  such 
  a 
  

   small 
  series 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  one 
  genus 
  Dendroica, 
  as 
  may 
  be 
  observed 
  by 
  

   the 
  following 
  figures: 
  D. 
  nigrescens 
  (fig. 
  151), 
  D. 
  auduboni 
  (fig. 
  

   152), 
  D. 
  vigorsii 
  (fig. 
  153), 
  D. 
  discolor 
  (fig. 
  154), 
  D. 
  petechia 
  (fig. 
  

   155), 
  D. 
  striata 
  (fig. 
  156), 
  D. 
  castanea 
  (fig. 
  157), 
  D. 
  fusca 
  (fig. 
  158), 
  

   and 
  D. 
  virens 
  (fig. 
  159). 
  Other 
  members 
  of 
  this 
  family 
  are 
  Teretis- 
  

   tris 
  fe?mandinae 
  (fig. 
  160), 
  T. 
  fornsi 
  (fig. 
  161), 
  Wilsonia 
  citrina 
  (fig. 
  

   162), 
  Wilsonia 
  pileolata 
  pileolata 
  (fig. 
  163), 
  Vermivora 
  luciae 
  (fig. 
  

   164), 
  Gompsothlypis 
  americana 
  (fig. 
  165), 
  Oporomis 
  toVmiei 
  (fig. 
  

  

  