114 
THE GEOLOGIST. 
in some cases it even occurs liigli up on tlie sides of tlie Pennine 
cliaiuj and other ele\'ated tracts of land. In addition to the 
gravels and sands last mentioned^ most of the beds and sides of 
the valleys^ especially the Invell^ Roche^ and Mersey^ are occu- 
pied by beds of gravel and sand^ sometimes_, but not al\tays, 
exhibiting signs of stratification. These have evidently been 
deposited during the time of the formation of the present valleys^ 
through the older beds of gravely marl^ and sand, which at pre- 
sentj for the most part, occupy the whole of the rising ground 
now lying between the valleys 
Mr. Binney remarked, that the sand at Pendleton was evi- 
dently the same as that at Kersal Moor : he found the same 
portion of rounded coal in it. On Kersal Moor there was a 
little bed of clay, nearly a yard thick, mixed in the sand, near 
Mr. Shawcross^s house, and at some points towards Poynton and 
HoUingwood, and in cutting the railway to Oldham, beds of 
clay were found in it a yard or a yard and a half thick ; but this 
was not like the great bed of till, which in many places near 
Manchester, was 20 yards thick. There was no question that 
the till, found in sinking the new pits at Mr. Fitzgerald^s col- 
lieiy, came under Pendleton, and that it went under Kersal 
Moor. Mr. Binney decsribed the lowest portion of the di'ift, 
the older sand and gravel (No. 1) as generally consisting of 
gravel, composed of well-rounded fragments of granites, sienites, 
greenstones, white quartz, old slate rocks, and mountain lime- 
stones, all well rounded, and seldom larger than a good-sized 
orange ; parted by beds of fine sand. It was generally found 
under the till in the valley of the Irwell, from Bolton to Man- 
chrster, and was the stratum which afforded the springs gene- 
rally of hard water, under-neath the till or marl. He then de- 
scribed the till in the following words: — 
"It is the most valuable deposit of the series, and presents 
many interesting points of observation. It is composed of a 
stiff browai clay, mixed with sand, and containing a small portion 
