228 
THE GEOLOGIST. 
posed almost entirely of decayed wood. From tlie lower portioii 
of it several fragments of coal of excellent quality vrere brouglit 
up. Underneath tliis stratum and in the gravelly bed which 
immediately succeeds it^ there w^as found several other fragments 
of fossil bones. One was considered to be a caudal vertebra of 
a kind of lizard^ and the rest were fragments of turtles^ these 
were discovered at the depth of 423 feet^ and were associated 
with large rolled pebbles of quartz, both white and amethystine, 
felspar, limestone, and indurated clay. The gravel composed 
entirely of the debris of primary rocks continued to the depth of 
481 feet, where the operation ceased. Lieutenant Smith re- 
marks the correspondence of the succession of the strata in the 
Gangetic Delta at a depth of from 850 to 480 feet, with that 
observed by Captain Cautley at the base of the Himalaya. On 
geological grounds he concludes that had no interruption arrested 
the experiment, the object in view would not have been gained. 
2. — •'^^On Pipes or Sand-galls in Chalk,^' by Mr. Joshua 
Trimmer, E.G. S. In this communication the author maintains 
that the pipes in the chalk of the part of Kent examined, were 
formed by the action of the sea on a low shore, and that they 
marked the boundaries of the anti-eocene sea, and were subse- 
quently submerged and covered by the London clay. Mr. 
Trmimer considers the form and contents of the pipes to indicate 
the mechanical action of water, and having the opportuity of 
observing the removal of the covering from the chalk near Fa- 
versham, remarked that they were but the termination of furrows 
from 6 to 24 inches deep in the shallowest parts exposed, but 
widening and deepening as they approach the pipes till they were 
lost in them. His opinion was strengthened by observing cer- 
tain blocks of silicious sandstone marked with similar furrows 
and pipes, though of smaller dimensions, which could not have 
been formed by the action of the acidulated water. On the sea 
shore near Keculver, he saw similar blocks presenting pipes in 
miniature, the waves charged with small pebbles and sand wear- 
