FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE. 



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and at Abbeville, maintained that men lived contemporaneously with the 

 cave-bear and other animals whose remains are found in caverns, and 

 urged the necessity of further studies, especially of the crania discovered 

 by Schmerling in Belgium. 



In his professional course of the past year he again briefly touched on 

 this topic, and during the present year has expressed his delight with the 

 important writings of Lyeil and Huxley, — reminding his audience that it 

 was not since the publication of those works, but long before in the Italian 

 University, that he had supported these ideas which are now so rapidly 

 gaining ground, and had predicted the results now attained. 



In his lecture referred to, the Professor gave an historical sketch of the 

 pretended and true discoveries of fossil human remains, commencing with 

 the fossil bones discovered at Chaumont in 1613, and attributed to the 

 Cimbrian king Tetobochus, about which M. Mazurier, surgeon of Beaure- 

 paire, speculated for a time ; they were next transferred to the museum at 

 Bordeaux as human bones, where De BJainville afterwards readily recog- 

 nized them as belonging to a proboscidian animal. Then followed the story 

 of the Homo diluvii testis discovered by Scheuzer, which, according to 

 Grunner, in 1773, proved to be nothing more than a skeleton of a gigantic 

 salamander ; then that of the fossil man discovered at Fontainebleau, in 

 1828, which was found to be but a mass of fragments of Arenaria conglu- 

 tinata sand, simulating the form of a horse and horseman; and so on, 

 through various facts and fictions, to the discoveries of M. Boucher de 

 Perthes in the environs of Abbeville, and the results obtained from re- 

 searches since 1856 amongst the pile-works of the lakes of Switzerland, 

 and those in the Italian lakes, especially in the Lago Maggiore, by M. 

 Desor ; also those in the peat and turf deposits and sea-shores made by 

 Gastaldi, Moro, Strobel, and others. 



Analysing Lyell's work, he showed how, by means of fresh observations 

 on the remains in the Belgian caverns, the laws of progressive development 

 and the origin of the species by variations are supported. In fact, Lyell 

 and Huxley, by a comparison of the fossil crania found at Neanderthal 

 and Engis, with those of the chimpanzee, the gorilla, and others, have 

 been enabled to fix the relationships and the differences which exist 

 between the present races of man, fossil man, and the various species of 

 anthropoid apes. 



From these studies, and those of Morlot, we are tolerably certain that 

 fossil man is to be found in every post-tertiary deposit, and that the fre- 

 quency of his relics sensibly diminishes the more remote the epoch ; the 

 same fact is likewise verified by the dog, the cow, and other animals, 

 which were the earliest companions of man. 



The Belgian or Engis man was contemporary with the cave-bear, but the 

 Diisseldorf or Neanderthal was unlike the first, and showed such an ana- 

 logy of structure with the pithecus, that at first sight it could hardly be 

 believed to belong to the human genus. According to the theory of the 

 origin of species by variations, it must necessarily belong to an epoch far 

 anterior and difficult to calculate. Between the Belgian and the Diissel- 

 dorf man the Australian type ought to be intercalated. 



Admitting these truths as confirmed by facts, we are still far from a 

 certain knowledge of the species which ought to unite the anthropoid 

 apes with the human species, although the question seems now to be nearer 

 a solution, by the discovery of the Neanderthal cranium, which Professor 

 Schaffhausen justly declared to be of all the human fossils the one which 

 approaches most nearly to the ape ; and close examinations have led to the 

 conclusion that between the N eanderthal man and the gorilla, if judged 



