218 



THE GEOLOGIST. 



Goat {Capra hircus). The left ramus of the jaw of goat, from 

 the Stanhope caves, exhibits m 2, m 3, and p 2, in place, the sockets 

 of m 1 and of 3 being left broken in the alveoli, and p 1 being 

 absent. In another fragment also of left ramus p 2 and 3 are left 

 in situ. 



Eoebuck {Cervus capreolus). The broken fragment of the left ramus 

 of the under jaw of Cervus capreolus has lost all the teeth except 

 the second and third premolars. These exhibit the characteristic 

 sculpturing of Cervus, and present a marked distinction to the caprine 

 bones from the same locality. The second premolar is divided 

 into two lobes, the anterior being the smallest, and separated from 

 the hinder lobe by a notch on the inner side of the crown ; the pos- 

 terior lobe is subquadrate, and exhibits two islands of enamel, of 

 which the hinder is the larger, and transverse to the axis of the jaw. 

 The third premolar, approaching nearer to the bicrescentic form of the 

 true molars in Buminantia, is again divided into two lobes, by 

 vertical depressions on both the outer and inner sides. The anterior 

 lobe is here the largest, and developes a prominent cusp on the inner 

 side of the tooth. In it the enamel-island is crescentiform, though 

 not extending so far back as the lateral notch. The transverse 

 island, in the posterior cusp, is more than double the length of its 

 representative mp 2. 



The distal end of the metatarsal of a ruminant has been exposed to 

 the action of fire — the end being charred. Evidence of the erosive 

 action of the teeth of some carnivore is present on a vertebra, which 

 has been gnawed to such an extent as to obscure its specific 

 characters. 



Hog (Sics scrofa). Three large canine teeth of the wild boar, one 

 of which is partially blackened, and the extremity of another canine, 

 indicate the existence of the Sus scrofa ferns in the Durham bone- 

 cave. Another more friable evidence consists of the blackened 

 symphysis of a young hog, of which the right canine is in place, and 

 all the deciduous teeth absent. In the jaw, the germ of^ 4 appears, 

 which has not yet appeared above the alveolus. 



Horse {^quus calallus). The unquestionable evidence of the 

 existence of the Equus in the Heathery Burn Cave rests upon 

 the discovery of a " corner nipper " {i 3) of the upper jaw, right side 

 of an old horse, aged about 16 years. 



A¥ater-rat {Arvicola ampUhia). The numerous evidences of the 

 presence of this elegant- skulled little rodent are so perfectly pre- 

 served that, though fragile, the incisor teeth retain their typical 

 yellow colour. The fore-parts of two skulls, the left ramus of 

 a lower jaw, and two separate small incisor teeth have been preserved; 

 and as none of the animal matter has been removed, great doubt 

 exists whether any great lapse of time has taken place since their 

 being imbedded in the depossit. It is not stated at what depth these 

 rcinaius were found, but there is no stalagmite adhering to them, and 

 their appearance, like that of the two copper halfpence (temp. 

 Goo. II.), IS very recent. jMr. J. Elliott (' Geologist,' vol. v. p. 169) 



