ELAKE ON THE CEAJfIA OE AKCIEIs^T RACES. 



227 



Luiid, with retrocedent and possibl}' flattened crania, are dolicho- 

 cephalic, and, according to Eetzius, represent the primaeval popula- 

 tion of Brazil, Whether the flattening of their skulls was artificial 

 or natural, may well be doubted. If natural, the succession of crania 

 in Bolivia, Eastern Brazil, and Peru, would be as follows : — 

 1st. Natural Dolicbocephali. 

 Brazilian bone-caves. 

 Oldest builders of Tia-huauaco (?). 

 2nd. Artificial Dolichocephali. 



Titicacans, Aymaras. 

 3rd. Artificial Brachycephali. 



Pachacamac, Quichuas, Incas^ Atacamans. 

 Chaugos. 



The mounds termed Koorgan or Bongor in the Government of 

 Tomsk, of which the antiquity is unascertained, containing brachy- 

 cephalic skulls, afi"ord no evidence of bronze or chipped stone 

 implements. " The weapons and other objects found by MM. 

 Meyuier and d'Eichthal, in the tumuli, are either of bone or iron ; 

 the ornaments are of bone, melted silicate, polished quartz, or 

 copper ; there were, moreover, in one of the tumuli fragments 

 of pottery ; in another the remains of a wooden vessel. All the 

 tumuli, without exception, had some remnants of iron tools or 

 weapons, but none of bronze, the metallic ornaments found being 

 cast in copper, exactly like all others our travellers have met with in 

 Siberia in the collections of dilettanti. The cranium bears in all the 

 skeletons strong marks of relationship with those which Ketzius 

 has designated under the name of ' Brachycephali,' their chief 

 feature [sic in orig.'] being the rectangular form of the orbital cavity, 

 a form common to all Mongolian races. MM. Meynier and d'Eichthal 

 are, nevertheless, inclined to believe that several diff"erent kinds of 

 tumuli must be distinguished in Siberia, and that it would be prema- 

 ture to consider all these tombs as pertaining exclusively to a single 

 race."* 



Supporters of a derivative hypothesis of the human race from 

 existing species of anthropoid apes have drawn a parallel between 

 the dolichocephalic chimpanzee, and the dolichocephalic negro of 

 Western Africa, and also between the brachycephalic oran-outan of 

 Borneo and the brachycephalic Malay of the same locality. Ethnic 

 centres of specific dispersion in time have been inferred from this 

 geographical distribution. The remarkable alleged coincidence of the 

 long-headed ape with the most long-headed man, and the short-headed 

 ape with his short-headed human representative, and inferred de- 

 scendant, certainly seemed a fact which might lead anthropologists to 

 admit a possible transmutation. Reference, however, to the simple 

 facts of the case gives a totally difi'erent aspect to this surmise. 

 AVhen we examine the skulls of the young oran-outan and chim- 

 panzee, side by side, before their typical characters have been masked 

 by superadded peculiarities connected wdth their functional require- 

 * Comptes Readus, Acad. Sciences, 1862. 



