GEOLOGICAL >'OTES IN THE GREAT EXITIEITION. 



393 



brown-coal 15 to 20 feet of gas for lighting; 37'4 per cent, of coke, which 



like charcoal, and much used in cupola-furnaces and for the rectification 

 of spirits ; and, finally, 4'5 per cent, of tar, with 35 5 per cent, of ammoniacal 

 v> ater. This tar yields 17"5 per cent, of photogenc, 2G'6 of greasing oil, 

 3-:^, of paraffin, lG-9 asphalt, and 3Cy7 of kreosote. 



This brown-coal seam is 12 feet thick. The same proj)rietors have other 

 collieries ; one of which, at Nabro, is excellent for the manufacture of alum, 

 and at another, at Donetus, the coal has a thickness of 70 to 100 feet. 



At the Bonn Mining Company's works, on the right bank of the Ehinc, 

 near Obercassel, oil is extracted from the brown coal worked. 



The brown-coal measures of the Westerwald basin are situated in the 

 Duchy of ]>Jassau. They extend from Langenaubach on the north-cast to 

 Hartlingen on the south-west, a length of 16^ miles; or to the extreme 

 outlier at Nentershauscn, 23| miles by a breadth of about 18 miles from 

 Cautzenbriicken to Waldhausen ; the most important part being the dis- 

 tricts of Marienberg, Leiningen-Westerburg, and Hartlingen. These 

 measures extend northward into the Prussian district of Altenkirchen. 

 The superficial extent of this field is estimated at 66 square miles, and at 

 the bottom of the brown-coal seams bituminous clays of great thickness are 

 met with, and small seanis of dysodile. Experiments have been made with 

 a view of utilizing these beds in the production of mineral oil and paraffine. 



There arebrown-coalmeasures alsowhich extend inlarger or smallerbasins 

 from the Um)er Rhine, near Diirkheim, to Wall en sen, between the rivers 

 V^eser and Leine, over an interrupted area of 188 miles by 57 between 

 ^Tarburgh and Tiefenort. Three groups of measures occur: to the lowest 

 belong the seams worked at Zell, Hasenbrucker Hammer, and Salzhausen. 

 Tliis bed offers about 53 feet of good, and 47 feet of inferior brown coal ; but 

 it diminishes towards Ostheim, where it is only 20 feet thick. The middle 

 group comprises the seams of Kleinbach and Annerod, near Giosson, avail- 

 able, although not yet applied, to the manufacture of mineral oil, and the 

 ]iyritiferous seams of Neuhof. Five to seven seams are known of an 

 average thickness of 20 feet, increasing in some places to 80 feet. !North of 

 the Vogelsberg brown-coal measures, belonging to the lower group, extend 

 as far as the Habichtswald. Besides these, there are others stretching- 

 out to the north and east. One seam, for instance, 100 feet thick, is worked 

 ]U'ar Frielendorf ; another of ligneous and strong coal, 2 to 3 fathoms thick, 

 ]H\ir Eonneberg: a third near Ostheim ; and others at Obermelsungen, 

 Ifesslar, Lammersberg, etc. 



In the district of Cassel a vein of 2 to 3 fathoms of coal of very good 

 quality occurs, partly of shining coal (Pechkohle), in the vicinity of basaltic 

 (lykes. North of the Habichtswald other deposits are known. A curious 

 ar-cumulation of vegetable substances in the older alluvium, which goes 

 also by the name of brown coal, may be passingly mentioned as occurring 

 ill the Prussian district of Hoxter, Westphalia. Scams of ligneous coal, 

 3' I feet thick, are also known on the right bank of the Fulda, in the district 

 of Cassel. South of Kaufungen the coal is 2 to 3| fathoms thick. The 

 s inie seams extend into the district of Witzenhaasen, being at Gross-Al- 

 iiicrode from 30 to 60 feet thick. Brown-coal basins also are found north 

 of this district, in Hanover and Brunswick. Brown-coal measures, belong- 

 ing to the lower group, are also met with at numerous places from the 

 t astern side of the Vogelsberg to the Ebon mountains and the river 

 A\'erra. The brown-coal measures on the western edge of the Ehon in 

 ]>avaria, are connected with the latter ; these consist in part of dysodile, 

 and may become important for the manufacture of mineral oils. Anthra- 

 cilic brown coal is found at Wiistensachsen, and to the east on the more 



VOL. Y. 3 i; 



