176 MALAY POISONS AND CHAEM CUBES 



of the upas tree (A. toxicaria, Bl.), scrapings from tlie 

 root of the upas climber (S. tieut6, Bl.) and (?) S. 

 pubescens, Clarke ; roots of the pepper vine, Piper, sp.* ; 

 the fruit of Melanorrhoea Wallichii, Hook. fiL* ; the 

 sap of Exc(Bcaria agallocha, Linn.,* and Gluia renghas, 

 Linn.* ; the roots (9) of Derris elliptica, Benth.,* of 

 Gnetum edule, BL, of Lophopetalum pallidum, Laws, 

 and of Thevetia nerxfolia, Juss.* ; and in addition poison 

 obtained from snakes, scorpions and centipedes, as well 

 as white arsenic.* 



(3) The Mantra of Malacca use, in addition to the 

 sap obtained from the bark of the upas tree (A. toxi- 

 caria, BL), the bark (?) of Strycknos, sp. ; the sap of 

 Daemonorps geniculatus, Martt., and of Alocasia singa- 

 porensis, Lindl.* ; the tubers of Dioscoreaj sp. ; the root 

 of Derris elliptica, Benth. ; the root and bark of 

 Tabernifimontana malaccensis. Hook. fil. ; the bark of 

 Carapa malaccensis, Lam., and Lophopetalum pallidum, 

 Laws ; the bark or roots of two unknown plants ; the 

 fruit of (?) a chilli ; the seeds of Citrus, sp. ; and poisons 

 derived from centipedes, snakes and scorpions, as well 

 as arsenic. 



(4) The Benua tribe of Johore use, in addition 

 to the sap obtained from the bark of the upas tree 

 (A. toxicaria, BL), the sap obtained from several 

 poisonous trees — Excoecaria agallocha, Linn., Cerbera 

 odollam, Linn.,* C. lactaria, Ham., and Erianthemum 

 malvacese, Clarke; also various non- vegetable sub- 

 stances, such as centipede heads, millepedes,* the 

 stings of scorpions ; the poisonous spines of certain 

 fishes, such as Plotosus, sp.,* Clarius majur,* Trygon, 

 sp.,* and fom* other spined salt-water fish or rays that 

 are unidentified, viz;, Mtangy UpUj siong and tetuka ; 

 the liver of Tetrodon, sp.* ; as well as snake poison, 

 including that of the cobra,* and the red variety of 



