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38 TH8 ETHNOLOGY OP TBI tXDlkS ARCHiFLHOO, 



separated from it by revolutions in which the district is not involved, 

 and of which its ethnology preserves no direct record. On land 

 and at sea the historic times present us with severs! successive 

 displacements of one race or one civilisation by another. There 

 was doubtless a period when the Ultraindian countries were peopled 

 by tribes in a very different state with respect to commerce, 

 political position, external power and influence, and civilisation 

 generally, from that which their present occupants enjoy, and so 

 with China, India, the Euphrates, Egypt. Each has undergone 

 great changes. Each, from time to time, has advanced, stagnated 

 or retrograded. Every change of the race that occupies or prevails 

 in any of the connected regions, each passing of the supremacy 

 in navigation, power, art, and the active development of influential 

 civilisation, from one people to another, complicates the ancient 

 history of the Indian Archipelago. 



The influence and activity of the indigenous Indonesian navi- 

 gation and civilisation vary with the character of the foreign 

 commerce. In the hands of one race the Utter may prove only 

 stimulative and beneficial. In the hands of another it may destroy 

 the- freedom, unity and power of the native trade, h is not 

 necessary that the intruders should ba more civilised than the old 

 races in possession of the commerce, although this has generally 

 happened in the Archipelago. In the history of the world we 

 constantly find races of more vigour and courage depriving others 

 more advanced in art" than themselves, of their local supremacy 

 and lucrative monopolies. Tims timid Egypt was sealed up in the 

 Nile by the viruur of the CanaanitcP, the latter faded before the 

 Greeks, the western Indiun and African trade before the hardy 

 and rapacious Arabs, the later Javanese before the Malays and 

 Bugis. 



In general, dominant maritime tribes repress and tend to extin- 

 guish the commerce of the feebler navigators* The Bugis, the 

 Lanuns and the Malays, as they advanced, must have destroyed 

 the navigation of numerous lt*s poxverful tribes, by'their monopolizing 

 and. predatory spirit. At present on the east coast of Celebes one 

 or two states engross the navigation, and they do Hot now go 

 bevond the adjacent because the hoMer and more enter- 



prising Bugis and Ternatis come to them. Thus too the maritime 

 Bajos of Minado are becoming extinct from the depradauons of 

 the Mindanauaiw. When the colonies of the superior maritime 

 race have occupied and monopolised the coasts and navigable 

 rivers, those portions of the older rae.e which are not absorbed in 

 furnishing wives to the new comers are driven into the interior 

 and lose their maritime habits. Hence in so many islands we find 

 inland tribes who have long lost all knowledge of navigation, and 

 dread the sea. Unless we believe that each was created where 

 we find it, with a marvellous likeness in person, language and 

 customs 10 foreign tribes, we must allow that the first insular 



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