Dec. 1894.] INJURIOUS INSECTS AND FUNGI. 



215 



substance. Only one egg is laid upon an apple, either in the 

 dusk of the evening, or in the early morning. 



A female lays a large number of eggs, variously computed at 

 from 50 to 200. In about eight days the larva comes from the egg, 

 and at once bores into the fruit in the direction of the core. At 

 first it is white with a black head, and can hardly be seen without 

 a glass. In about a week it is not quite the fourth of an inch 

 long, and in three weeks it is full grown, or nearly three -fourths 

 of an inch in length, and then it is of a flesh colour with a brown 

 head (Fig. 1). It has three pairs of feet, and five pairs of sucker 

 feet, and its body is covered with hairs. The larva works its 

 way down to the carpel in the centre of the fruit to its ultimate 

 goal — the ovules, or pips (Fig. 4). When it has consumed these, 

 or when its term has come to an end, it makes its way out of the 

 apple by a tunnel bored through the fruit and descends to the 

 ground by the hf^lp of silken threads from its body. Sometimes 

 the action of the larva upon the apple causes it to fall before 

 the larva is full grown, which quietly escapes from it in due 

 time. The larva then crawls up the nearest apple tree, and 

 scoops out a little hole under the bark and spins an oval nest, or 

 cocoon, in which it remains through the winter, and assumes the 

 chrysalis form towards the approach,of the spring (Fig. 2). Pro- 

 bably some of the larvae fall from the apples on to branches below 

 and make their cocoons at once under the bark. 



In some countries there are two and even more broods, and 

 the pupal form, at least in the first broods, is assumed at once in 

 the cocoon, and the moth comes forth in about 10 days. It is 

 not known positively whether there are two broods in this 

 country. It is, however, most probable that there are, as it has 

 been noticed that apples are often attacked when they are quite 

 large, and that in these circumstances the egg is often laid upon 

 any part of the apple. There are either two broods, or there is 

 a singular retardation in the development of the moths caused 

 by weather influences. 



The larva on leaving the fruit, as a rule, goes to a fruit tree, 

 but it sometimes makes a cocoon in rubbish, weeds, or grass 

 near. In orchards, its winter retreat is generally a fruit tree. 



But in plantations where fruit bushes and raspberrv canes 

 are planted with apple and pear trees, the cocoons have been 

 occasionally found under the rind of gooseberry and currant 

 bushes and raspberry canes, as well as under the bark of apple 

 and pear trees overshadowing them. 



Modes of Prevention and Remedies. 



In orchards where the fruit has been infested, the grass should 

 be brushed or fed down close, and rubbish collected and burnt. 

 The loose bark of the trees should be scraped ofi" as far as 

 possible, and if many cocoons are seen a mixture of soft soap 

 and paraffin oil should be worked in with stiff* brushes. Hot 



