494 



Swedish Dairy Industry. 



their members sometimes amounting to over 400. Some of 

 these treat from 1,200 to 3,300 gallons of milk a day, while 

 the largest of all deals with 4,000 gallons. The farmers 

 generally take back all the skim and butter-milk, which is 

 used for fattening calves and feeding pigs ; some dairies 

 keep calves and pigs in order to utilise these by-products 

 A certain proportion of the skim-milk is used for cheese- 

 making. The profits of co-operative dairies are not taxed, 

 because such businesses are not considered to form a 

 separate trade apart from the farms contributing to their 

 produce. 



The assistance given by the State to dairying amounts to 

 an annual sum of about ;^2, 700, and agricultural societies 

 also contribute ;£5,300. In addition to these sums, nearly 

 ;^5,ooo per annum is spent upon the two State Agricul- 

 tural Colleges of Ultuna and Alnarp. For instruction in 

 dairying there are, besides the two colleges just mentioned* 

 a higher dairy school for experts, a lower dairy school 

 for men, seven dairy schools for women, and 24 dairy 

 stations for women. A Chief Dairy Inspector is also main- 

 tained by the State, and there are 23 dairy experts paid 

 by the local agricultural societies in the various counties, 

 the duty of these latter being to travel about their districts 

 in order to give advice and information. 



About ;£i,472 (26,500 kronor, of which 10,000 kronor are 

 provided by the Government) represents the annual cost ot 

 inspection of butter; practically the whole of this sum 

 represents expenditure on analyses. The inspection of 

 dairies is intrusted to the communal authorities, and the 

 local doctors appointed by the State or commune are also 

 authorised to inspect dairies and report any insanitary 

 conditions. 



Mr. Herbert concludes by remarking that cheapness 

 is secured, not because the value of the land is less in 

 Sweden, nor because the climate is better, nor because the 

 other expenses of the agriculturist compare favourably with 

 English. The reason must be sought in their co-operative 

 methods of manufacture, which effect very great economies ; 

 and it is to these, coupled with the thoroughness of technical 



