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JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 



months, care being taken in tliis instance to admit plenty of air and 

 light (Hoopes, " Evergreens "). 



Ficea Morinda planted in Danish gardens in 1852 now has a height 

 of 27^ feet and a girth of 2 feet 8 inches. One planted in 1864 now 

 measures 15 feet in height and 1 foot in girth. Taller ones than 

 these have been seen. Cones are often produced on trees of this 

 species in Denmark. 



I have observed this species in several countries in Western 

 Europe, and in every instance it seems to thrive well. I have also 

 observed it in several parts of Denmark, where it develops well every- 

 where. The hard and long winter of 1890-91 did not do the tree any 

 apparent harm. I observed one of about the age of twenty years 

 standing together with many young trees of the same species. All 

 looked well, although close by were trees of Abies pectinata, Finns 

 Laricio, Taxus haccata, and Juniperus communis which had some dead 

 branches. It is interesting to know that the most southern Picea is so 

 hardy in Denmark. 



P. nigra, Link in Linnasa, xv. 520. Ahies Ficege, foliis hreviorihus, 

 &c., Mill. Diet. Ic. t. 1. A. Mariana, Mill. Diet. n. 2. A. mary- 

 landica, hort. A. nigra, Michx. fil. Arb. Forest. d'Amer. Sept. i. 

 123, t. 11. A. denticulata, Poir. Diet. vi. 520. Finns nigra, Ait. 

 Hort. Kew. ed. 1, iii. 370. F. Abies canadensis. Marsh. Arb. 103. 

 P. Mariana, Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 38. F. marylandica, hort. P. 

 americana nigra, hort. P. a. rubra, Wangenh. Amer. 75. Abies 

 nigra var. Michx. fil. I.e. 



Habitat. — Newfoundland, ISTorthern Labrador to Ungava Bay, 

 Nastapokee Sound, Cape Churchill, Hudson Bay, and north-west to 

 the mouth of the Mackenzie River and the eastern slope of the Rocky 

 Mountains ; south through the Northern States to Pennsylvania, 

 Central Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and along the Alleghany 

 Mountains to the high peaks of North Carolina. 



An imj)ortant tree (called "Double Spruce" by the Canadians, a 

 third part of their forests being exclusively of this species), 50-70 

 feet in height, with a trunk 2-3 feet in diameter ; light, dry, rocky 

 soil, forming, especially narth of the fiftieth degree of latitude, ex- 

 tensive forests on the watersheds of the principal streams, or in 

 cold, wet swamps ; then small, stunted, and of little value. 



Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ; 

 bands of small summer cells thin, resinous ; resin passages few, minute ; 

 medullary rays few, conspicuous ; colour light red or often nearly 

 white, the sap wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0-4584 ; ash, 0*27 ; 

 largely manufactured into timber, and used in construction, for ship- 

 building, piles, posts, railway ties, &c. (C. S. Sargent). 



The foliage of P. nigra (or, as it is often called, P. Mariana) is 

 dark green and gloomy in appearance, occasioning the popular 

 appellation of Black Spruce. 



