ETHN'OLOGT OF THE INDO-PACIFIC ISLANlEi. 20 



witli the N. E. A?Ean and Snylhie labial definkive and aggei-tive. 

 It is also Caucasian, Semilico- African &c. In Dravirian it has 

 a generic personal application, the postfix n renderiiitr it masc. and 

 the postf. / fern., * but it also occurs as a common def. elemcnti 

 The labial as a postf. is usually neuter and sonnetiraes fern, and 

 in Ttiluva it is the 3rd pron. neuter. The primitive form was 

 probably the forainine flexion of the labial wbich ako came to in* 

 chide neuter. [See Tibetan, Auam &c.] 



The objective use of the neuter m is common to Dmvii ian with 

 Indo-Eu!'opean. It t3 also ohjeclivo in Caucasian and Scytbic, 



Besides the dental and labial 3rd pvonoun, Dravinan iifis a 

 vocatic one i, ye, yi, found also in KoL The more cammon 

 Ko\ 3rd pronoitn ni is also demonstrative and it is foand wiih 

 both functions and as a generic definitive element in many other 

 formations, Scytbic, Africo-Scmilic, Malagasy, Asouesian. As a 

 demonstrative it is Scytbic, Tibeto-Ultraindiaii. 



The vowels are used as definitives in Dravirian, chiefly prefix- 

 ed to other particles. All the 3rd pronouns above referred to 

 take them («-va, a-vaUf a-du, a-ycj «-i, t-ni &c. &c). In 

 some Dravirian demonstratives and locatives i has a proximate 

 and a a remote force. Similar applications of tbe vowels are 

 found in Scythic, Indo-Earopean, Semitico-African, Malagasy, 

 Asonesian &c. 



The affinities of the Dravirian possessivo and directive syatem 

 nre too numerous and complicated to be referred lo the influence 

 of any other existing formation. They support its claim to an inde- 

 pendent place amongst the most archaic of tbe harmonic forma- 

 tions. The general character both in roots and structiiro is 

 Scythic but with a leaning in some points to Semitico-Llbyan and 

 Caucasian— whicli again are Scythic in many fundamental traits. 

 The Tibcto-Ultraindian affinities in roots arc in general coinci- 

 dent with the Scythic or with Chinese. 



The indeterminate and variable functions of several of the 

 definitives have been adverted to in connection with tbe pronouns, 

 A similar confusion takes place in all agglutinative languages in 

 proportion to tlie number of well separated dialects that exist or 

 to the force of those causes that evolve dialectic changes in each 



• Trftcea of n simiJar arthuic application of Uiese postfixes are found in Cau- 

 cuiitn . 



