RTKNOLOOT OF TUB INDO-PAOIPIC IftLAHJDft. 59 



nn'ddi (on-ji Tuluva). The Gond mu-r of 8 appears to ihow 

 that, when the term for 8 was formed^ mu-r or mu-ru was tho 

 GurreiiC form of that for L But for the en prefix in all the 

 terms for 8 save ihe Gond, mu-r would be referable at once to 

 inu<rtj 3 (Karnaraka ; mu-nu Gond). In ihe same way the Telu- 

 gti mi'di and Tuluva me would be referable to a alender form of 

 3 which is achmtly current io Todava, mi-n. The term for 8 would 

 thus be quinary (5, 3) like 7 and 6. The Gond an of ana-mu*r 

 k the an of the Tamil and Malayalam 5 (an-Ju^ an-:?a)« so that 

 there seema to be no room fur doubt as to its true quinary charac- 

 ter. The e of the oiher terms appears lo be as clearly referable to 

 2. The Telugu mi-di recurs in 9 (l-om-mi-f/i), where it must 

 represent 1. The forms of 8 and 9 appear to carry us back to 

 the period when the labial kept its place in 1 as well as 3, and 

 had the m form in 1 also. The Todava ho-d is a near approach 

 to mo-cfo, mU'du, mn-m. 



The quinary Bysieni; in its turn, would appear to have rcEted on 

 a primitive binary and ternary one; and the series of terms as we 

 now find it has the following sequence of root elements: — 1^ and 

 also I (two roots), owe; 2, twoi I (for 2, I) , three ^ 2, 

 2 (for 3, 2), Jice-y I (for 5, 1), fix-, (2 for 5, 2), seven; 5, 3, also 

 2, 10, or 2, eifjht'f 1, 10, nine\ I, ten» To those eomparati?e 

 philologists who have not analysed and compared a large number 

 of numeral systems, this reduction of the Dravifian to three roots 

 (two primary terms 1 or I, and 2), combined by binary, ternary, 

 quinary and denary methods, may appear exceptional and fanciful^ 

 but the fact is that nearly all numeral systems have been bnilt up 

 in the same mode by a succession of steps. The Iranian, the 

 Semitic, and most of the other Asiatic systems, ae well m the 

 allied African, Malagasy and Malagasy -Polynesian, lis ve Ji ad a 

 similar bistoiy, and under their present denary form preserve 

 vestiges of the earlier modes of coonting and foiming tLe names. 

 A large number of Afriean and eoxne Uliraindlan and Asonetian 

 systems still retain the quinary terms from 5 to 10 ondisgoiBedj 

 and entirely or nearly identical with those for 3, 2^ 3 and 4. In 

 most systems 10 is either 1, or 1 followed or preceded by another 

 word. Various illnstrations of these facts are given in the 8emi- 

 tico-African snb-Mction, and tbey are more fnlly considered in a 

 separate paper on the nnmeral B)»tem» of tLe Old World. 



