64 



ETHNOLOGY OP THE ISDO-PJLCIPIO ISLAHTDS. 



ing 1. Tlie Kol a-ra would thus appear to he 1 from 10 like the 

 Dravimn term, and^ if ao, ra, r probnbly repreeenta 10, as al, il, 1, 

 does in the term for 8. The form of the poiatfix in 1, ea, cor- 

 responds with that in 10, whereaa in the otlier numerala it is 

 generaOy -ict. 



10, ge[-ea (in a Gbnd dialect gil, gul), is a peculiar terra. The 

 guttural is not found in any of the preceding numerala. It may 

 poasibly he related to the plural ko " these," and, if so, the dual 

 ting [= ko + ing] ia a similar example of the o coalescing with 

 the i of the dual. In fact g-il of g-el and k-ing or k-in {for n 

 replaces rig- in some forms) would thus be varieties of the eamo 

 t-^ombinafcioo. If gel, gil be aa integral suhatantive root it has 

 no afRnities in the S. Dravirian or Kol numeral systems. The 

 Tautil kodi 20 ia a different term, nor has it any relation to the 

 Gurung kiit'i "one score", G-yarung ^'ati " one" Magai", Lepcha 

 kat " one", Naugaimg Naga l-ixtang " one'\ Tengsa Naga khata, 

 in al] which the guttural is a prefixual def. 



The Auatrahan and some other pre-Malagaay systems of 

 Asonesia arc more archaic than the Dravirian, for they have not yet 

 raised a quinary or denary superstructure on the binary founda- 

 tion. Some have only the two primary terms for 1 and 2, whicli 

 are repeated for higher numbers. Othera hare a term for 3. 

 Some use plural particles and words in combination with the term 

 for 2j 3, or to express higher indefinite numbers. The more 

 common binary roots have Draitirian affinities. 



1. Ttie kbial occurs in fe-raboto Goront. W-moi Temati, ipeh 

 Btuner I., mo-tn, i-mu-ta N, Auat,, peer Peel Biv., mal Karaida, 

 and in the Australian compound terms ngun-bai,war-at, dom-biu'-t, 

 Jv a-marah, wara-pnne, wo-kul, wa-kol <S:c. 



The labial is the Dravirian unit, defiuitive and 3rd pronoun, and 

 in Australtau it is also common as a 3rd pronoun, and in soino 

 languages as a definitive postfix. The final 1, r of severaJ of tlie 

 Australian varieties — pronominal as well as numeral— appears to 

 be the liqiiid terminal and postfix which is so common in Austra- 

 lian languages and is also a Dravirian and ScHhic trait. West 

 Anetralian has bal " he " it " ^fcc. In the Karaula mal, the 

 definitive appears in the same fonn aa the unit, and the Bijne- 

 lumbo war-fl^, Peel Eiv. peer, Ko^STOJ-ega wam*pune, Moreton 

 Bay ka-marah are similar instances. 



